Optimization of Flow Cytometric Sorting Parameters for High-Throughput Isolation and Purification of Small Extracellular Vesicles

Summary

This protocol provides a rapid and size-specific isolation method for small extracellular vesicles by optimizing the size of the air spray nozzle, sheath fluid pressure, sample flow pressure, voltage, gain, and triggering threshold parameters.

Abstract

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) can be released from all cell types and carry protein, DNA, and RNA. Signaling molecules serve as indicators of the physiological and pathological state of a cell. However, there is no standard method for sEV isolation, which prevents downstream biomarker identification and drug intervention studies. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and purification of 50-200 nm sEV by a flow cell sorter. For this, a 50 µm nozzle and 80 psi sheath fluid pressure were selected to obtain a good sorting rate and stable side stream. Standard sized polystyrene microspheres were used to locate populations of 100, 200, and 300 nm particles. With additional optimization of the voltage, gain, and forward scatter (FSC) triggering threshold, the sEV signal could be separated from the background noise. These optimizations provide a panel of critical sort settings that enables one to obtain a representative population of sEV using FSC vs. side scatter (SSC) only. The flow cytometry-based isolation method not only allows for high-throughput analysis but also allows for synchronous classification or proteome analysis of sEV based on the biomarker expression, opening numerous downstream research applications.

Introduction

A cell releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) of varying sizes that result in signaling molecules and membrane inclusions, which are important for intercellular communication¹. EVs of different sizes also play different biological roles, with 50-200 nm sEV being able to precisely distribute RNA, DNA, and proteins to the correct extracellular location. The sEV also helps determine their secretion mechanisms, involving not only the regulation of normal physiological processes such as immune surveillance, stem cell maintenance, blood coagulation, and tissue repair but also the pathology underlying several diseases such as tumor progression and meta....

Protocol

1. Cell culture

1. Prepare a culture medium of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Culture the human pancreatic cancer cell, PANC-1, in a 75 cm² culture flask at a density of 1 x 10⁶ cells/mL. Incubate the culture at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.
2. Subculture the cells when cell density reaches 75%-80% under microscopic observation. Remove the medium, and rinse 2x with 3-5 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS; 0.01 M, pH 7.2-7.4).
3. Discard the solution, add 1-2 mL of trypsin-EDTA solution, and let the cells detach until they become rounded and su....

Results

The flow chart diagram for the experimental protocol is shown in Figure 1. In this method, standard sized polystyrene microspheres were used as reference standards for particle size distribution. Under the specific instrumental parameter condition, the particle signal could be clearly distinguished from the background noise in the FSC vs. SSC plot using the logarithmic form. Gating strategies are shown in Figure 2. R4, R5, and R6 refer to the positions of 100 nm.......

Discussion

This protocol outlines an optimized method to isolate and purify sEV with the specified particle size of 50-200 nm using a flow cell sorter, which was validated by NTA. The method solved the bottleneck problem of obtaining sEV with uniform particle size and high purity, avoiding interference from unrelated biological molecules wrapped in large-sized EVs²². Fast, high-throughput analyses are possible with flow cytometry, which can capture 100,000 particles per second and make 70,000 sorting decisio.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Centrifuge tube	Beckman Coulter	344058
Culture flasks	Corning	430641
Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium	Corning Cellgro	10-013-CV
Fetal bovine serum	SUER	SUER050QY
Flow cell sorter	Beckman Coulter	Moflo Astrios EQ
Human pancreatic cancer cell, PANC-1	NA	NA	PANC-1 cells were donated by Professor Weijun Yang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University
Laser particle size and zeta potential analyzer	Malvern	Zetasizer Nano ZS 90
Phosphate buffer saline	Gibco	C20012500BT
Polystyrene fluorescent microspheres	Beckman Coulter	6602336
Transmission electron microscopy	JEOL	JEM-1200EX
Trypsin-EDTA solution	Gibco	1713949
Ultra rainbow fluorescent particles	Beckman Coulter	B28479
Ultracentrifuge	Beckman Coulter	Optima-L80XP
Ultracentrifuge rotor	Beckman Coulter	SW32TI