O-Ring Aortic Banding Versus Traditional Transverse Aortic Constriction for Modeling Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

Summary

The present protocol describes a new technique of aortic banding in mice to induce pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. For banding, a rubber ring with a fixed inner diameter is used. This new technique promises less variance and more reproducible data for future experiments.

Abstract

Aortic banding in mice is one of the most commonly used experimental models for cardiac pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the induction of heart failure. The previously used technique is based on a threaded suture around the aortic arch tied over a blunted 27 G needle to create stenosis. This method depends on the surgeon manually tightening the thread and, thus, leads to high variance in the diameter size. A newly refined method described by Melleby et al. promises less variance and more reproducibility after surgery. The new technique, o-ring- aortic banding (ORAB), uses a non-slip rubber ring instead of a suture with a thread, resulting in reduced variation in pressure overload and reproducible phenotypes of cardiac hypertrophy. During surgery, the o-ring is placed between the brachiocephalic and left carotid arteries. Successful constriction is confirmed by echocardiography. After 1 day, correct placement of the ring results in an increased flow velocity in the transverse aorta over the o-ring-induced stenosis. After 2 weeks, impaired cardiac function is proven by decreased ejection fraction and increased wall thickness. Importantly, besides less variance in the diameter size, ORAB is associated with lower intra- and post-operative mortality rates compared with transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Thus, ORAB represents a superior method to the commonly used TAC surgery, resulting in more reproducible results and a possible reduction in the number of animals needed.

Introduction

While physiological cardiac hypertrophy can be observed during development, exercise, and pregnancy, pathological cardiac hypertrophy responds to hemodynamic stress conditions like arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease, or gene mutations. Initially, the heart undergoes a remodeling characterized by increased cardiomyocyte size and thickening of the ventricular walls to maintain cardiac function^1,2. On the other hand, pathological cardiac remodeling is associated with an increased risk for arrhythmia, sudden death, and high mortality. Finally, with time, it results in ventricular dilation, a strong decr....

Protocol

The animal experiments were carried out under the principles of the regional committee (Ministerium für Energiewende, Landwirtschaft, Umwelt, Natur und Digitalisierung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, permission number: V242-21249/2020 [38-4/20]). The mice used for the present study were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials). The animals were kept under standard conditions with a 12 h light, 12 h night cycle; water and food were offered ad libitum.

1. Animal care

1. House the mice in specialized cages with bedding, nesting material, a hiding place, and proper access to d....

Results

Generally, aortic banding mimics human aortic stenosis and induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice. A successful procedure is characterized by heart tissue remodeling reflected by cardiac hypertrophy and reduced heart function^5,6.

Directly 1 day after the operation, the effect of o-ring constriction of the transverse aorta can be determined in vivo by echocardiography¹³. Successful induction of aortic steno.......

Discussion

Thread/suture-based aortic banding has been used for many years to induce pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in mice. It is an established method to investigate the pathomechanisms of cardiac remodeling and disease progression in vivo. The limitations are the relatively high variance in the degree of stenosis and, consequently, the remodeling. The recently introduced ORAB technique first described by Melleby et al.¹⁰ optimizes the conventional method by using a rubber o-ring.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 x long Fixators, 6 cm		18200-01
2 x Blunt Retractors, 5 mm wide		18200-11
2 x Short Fixators, 3 cm		18200-02
2 x fine tip 45° angled forceps	FST (fine sience tools)	11160-10
3 x Blunt Retractors, 2.5 mm wide		18200-10
3 x Retractor Wires		18200-05
4-0 absorbable suture (Vicryl)	ETHICON	SABBKLT0	Used to suture skin
6-0 suture (Prolene), needle size:13 mm	ETHICON	JDP879	Used to suture chest muscle
8-0 suture (Prolene), needle size: 6.5 mm	ETHICON	RHBECH	Used to fast the Ring
Anesthetizing Box, Small	Havard apparatus	50-0108
C57BL/6N mice	Charles River
Fluosorber Activated Charcoal Filter Canister	Havard apparatus	34-0415	Used to induce and maintain anesthesia
Handmade laryngsopcope			Intubationshelp
Harvard Apparatus Anesthetic Vaporizer	Havard apparatus		Used to induce and maintain anesthesia
Heating pad + rectal probe (LSI Letica Scientific Instruments:Temperature control unit HB 101/2 )	Panlab/ Havard apparatus		Used to control and maintain body temperature
i.v. cannula blue 22-gauge (Vasofix Braunüle 0.9 x 25 mm)	B/Braunsharing Expertise	4268091B	intubation
isofluran	Baxter		Anesthesia
Kodan (betadine solution)	Schülke	20003960-A	Desinfection
ligation aid	FST (fine sience tools)	18062-12	Used to perform liagtion with O-ring
Microscope Lighting: Schott VisiLED Set MC1500/S80-55 (+ controller)	SCHOTT		Ligth
Microscope camera (Leica IC80 HD)	Leica		Used for visualiation operating field
MiniVac Complete Anesthesia Systems for small rodents	Havard apparatus	75-0233	Used to induce and maintain anesthesia
Mouse Ventilator MiniVent Type 845	Havard Apparatus	73-0044	Used to ventilation during surgery
Needle holder	FST (fine sience tools)	TE-10804
O-ring, non-slip rubber (0.0018 mm x 0.020 mm)	Apple Rubber Products		Liagtion of the aortic arch
Scissors	FST (fine sience tools)	14040-09	Used to cut the skin and threads
Small Animal Retraction System (Kit for Animals up to 200 g)	FST (fine sience tools)	18200-20
Small Base Plate, 20 x 30 cm		18200-03
Table intgerated with heating pad + rectal probe + ECG and  transducer tripod	FujiFilm Visual Sonics Imaging System		Echocardiography
Temgesic (Buprenorphin)	Indivior UK Limited	997.00.00	Pain pre-medication
three-way stop cock (blue)
Tramal (Tamadol)	Grünental		Pain post-medication
transducer probe MS400 (Visual Sonics)	FujiFilm Visual Sonics Imaging System		Echocardiography
Ultrasound system with cardioligy package	FujiFilm Visual Sonics Imaging System		Echocardiography
Vannas Spring Scissors - 2.5 mm Cutting Edge	FST (fine sience tools)	15000-08	Used to cut intercostal chest muscle
vet ointment	Bepanten		Used to prevent eyes from drying out