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Medicine

Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique

Published: September 13, 2022 doi: 10.3791/64531

Summary

The present protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the real-time and dynamic collection of rat heart blood using the microdialysis technique.

Abstract

Dynamic analysis of blood components is of great importance in understanding cardiovascular diseases and their related diseases, such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, and cerebral embolism. At the same time, it is urgent to break through the continuous heart blood sampling technique in live rats to evaluate the effectiveness of distinctive ethnic medicine therapy. In this study, a blood microdialysis probe was implanted in the right jugular vein of rats in a precise and noninvasive surgical procedure. Cardiac blood samples were then collected at a rate of 2.87 nL/min to 2.98 mL/min by connecting to an online microdialysis sample collection system. Even more momentously, the acquired blood samples can temporarily be stored in microdialysis containers at 4 °C. The microdialysis-based online continuous blood collection program from rat heart has greatly guaranteed the quality of blood samples, advancing and invigorating the scientific rationality of the research on systemic cardiovascular diseases and evaluating ethnomedicine therapy from the perspective of hematology.

Introduction

With the acceleration of the pace of life and the increase of psychological pressure, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) tend to occur in young, middle-aged, and elderly people1,2. The morbidity and mortality of CVDs are high, with the characteristics of acute onset, rapid progression, and a long course of the disease, which seriously affect the safety of patients3. The occurrence of CVDs may be closely related to the changes in some blood components, such as cholesterol, serum lipids, blood glucose, myocardial enzymes, and protein kinase K4,5,6. The patient's relevant situation can be managed most quickly by analyzing routine blood examination items. Hence, the quality of the blood samples determines the accuracy of the test results. However, conventional methods for blood collection have some inevitable drawbacks, which seriously affect the experimental results, such as large trauma area, small blood collection volume, high requirements for operators, inability to reflect drug changes in real-time, cumbersome blood sample pretreatment, large consumption of experimental animals, and failure to meet animal ethical requirements7,8,9. With continuous advances in medical technology, the quality of blood collection has also put forward higher requirements. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a new blood sampling technology to overcome the above shortcomings.

Microdialysis is an in vivo sampling technique based on dialysis principles10. Under non-equilibrium conditions, the compounds to be measured are diffused and perfused from the tissue along the concentration gradient into the microdialysis probe embedded in the tissue into the dialysate, which is continuously removed along with the dialysate, achieving the purpose of sampling from the living tissue11,12. Compared with traditional sampling methods, the microdialysis technique has splendid advantages in the following aspects13,14,15: continuous real-time tracking of the changes of various compounds in blood; sampling requires no tedious pre-processing and can truly represent the concentration of the target compound at the sampling site; probes can be implanted into different parts of the body to investigate the absorb, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of the target compounds; the acquired sample contains no biological macromolecules (>20 kD). Therefore, the higher quality blood samples ensure a better interpretation of CVDs and the mechanism treated by ethnic medicine.

Microdialysis sampling systems generally consist of micro-injection pumps, connecting tubes, animal-free movement tanks, microdialysis probes, and sample collectors16. As the most critical part of the device of the microdialysis system, common microdialysis probes comprise concentric probes, flexible probes, linear probes, and shunt probe17. Among these, flexible probes are soft and non-metallic probes, mainly used to collect samples from blood vessels and peripheral tissues such as heart, muscle, skin, and fat of awake and freely moving or anesthetized animals13. When in contact with blood vessels or tissues, the probe can be flexibly bent, thereby avoiding irreversible damage to the probe or sampling site. With the continuous development of probe technology, the application of microdialysis technology in various fields is also deepening. In this paper, the rat heart blood was dynamically and continuously acquired by the noninvasive microdialysis technology through the flexible probe designed for blood collection.

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Protocol

The animal protocol has been approved by the Administrative Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Record number: 2021-11). Specified pathogen-free male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (8-10 weeks, 260-300 g) were raised in independent ventilation cages, maintaining the laboratory environment at 22 °C and 65% relative humidity, and were used for the present study. The animals were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials). All rats were habituated to adaptive feeding for 1 week with free water and diet during the period.

1. Experimental preparation

  1. Assemble the equipment involved in microdialysis of blood sampling (see Table of Materials), as shown in Figure 1.
  2. Prepare anti-coagulant citrate dextrose solution (ACDs), containing 3.50 mmol/L of citrate, 7.50 mmol/L of sodium citrate, and 13.60 mmol/L of glucose, as the perfusion fluid for microdialysis blood collection (see Table of Materials).
  3. Before use, filter the ACDs with a 0.22 µm membrane filtration unit and remove bubbles ultrasonically. Keep ACDs at 37 °C to reduce the stimulation for SD rats.

2. Patency inspection of microdialysis piping system

  1. Attach the inlet of the probe of the dialysis unit with the syringe needle, the tubing adapter, and the fep tubing (see Table of Materials).
    NOTE: The blue end of the microdialysis probe is for the fluid influx, and the transparent end is for the fluid outflow.
  2. Check the patency of the microdialysis piping system by perfusing ACDs18 into the piping system at a speed of 2 µL/min.
    ​NOTE: If ACDs flow from the sample collection site, the unimpeded microdialysis system can be used for further cardiac blood collection. If not, the blood probe must be checked for broken leaks or whether the pipe-pipe joint was sealed.

3. Microdialysis probe implantation

  1. Anesthetize the rats with 2% isoflurane in an air-oxygen mixture of 0.6 L/min, fasten the thoroughly unconscious rats on the operating table, and maintain the body temperature at 37 °C using an animal temperature maintainer (see Table of Materials).
  2. Remove the fur from the neck with an electric shaver and disinfect the surgical site with three alternating rounds of betadine and 70% alcohol. Inject bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) into the rat. Expose the right jugular vein by blunt dissection of soft tissue and perivascular fascia through a 1.5 cm incision along the midline of the neck.
    NOTE: All surgical instruments and tools used in the experiment should be sterilized in advance by autoclaving. Use sterile gloves and surgical drapes. The whole experimental operation should be carried out in a sterile environment. Follow local animal use guidelines for anesthesia and analgesia regimen.
  3. Make a detachable slipknot using a 4-0 surgical suture in the right jugular vein at the distal end of the heart to temporarily block blood flow, and make a 1.5 cm incision in the right jugular vein near the heart.
  4. Insert a needle-shaped catheter stylet (length 25 mm, diameter 0.7 mm, see Table of Materials) into the right jugular vein toward the proximal end of the rat heart, insert the blood microdialysis probe (total probe length 24 mm, membrane length 10 mm) in a catheter, and implant the probe with ophthalmic forceps along the oblique incision of the catheter stylet19.
  5. Remove the guided catheter stylet and fully immerse the semi-permeable membrane of the probe (membrane length 10 mm, membrane diameter 0.5 mm) in the right jugular vein. Unravel the detachable slipknot at the distal end of the heart to restore blood flow in the right jugular vein.
  6. Ligature the probe with the right jugular vein using 4-0 surgical sutures and subcutaneously thread the probe tail tube through the back of the neck. See Figure 2 for specific probe implantation steps.
    ​NOTE: The molecular cut-off by the blood microdialysis probe used in this study is >20 kD. The collected blood samples contain substances with a molecular weight of less than 20 kD.

4. Microdialysis sampling

  1. A week after the microdialysis probe implantation, rats recovering from surgical trauma undergo microdialysis sampling. Place the awake rat in a free-moving tank (see Table of Materials) and connect the probe to the microdialysis system. Equilibrate the probe dialysis membrane by irrigating ACDs with a rate of 2 µL/min for 1 h.
  2. Collect microdialysis blood samples at a flow rate of 2 µL/min and temporarily keep them in a 4 °C fractional container.
    ​NOTE: The obtained blood samples could be tested directly by centrifuging at 20,000 x g for 10 min at room temperature. Or it could be stored at -80 °C for the following testing. When collecting samples, it is important always to observe whether the probe prolapse and/or leak out.

5. Post-sampling operation

  1. Anesthetize the SD rats with 2% isoflurane in an air-oxygen mixture at 0.6 L/min.
  2. Dissect to re-confirm that the probe is in the right jugular vein. Remove the microdialysis probe from the right jugular vein and put it into ultrapure water.
  3. Finally, euthanize the rats by inhalation of 5% isoflurane.
  4. Connect the probe to the pipeline and rinse overnight at a rate of 2 µL/min with ultrapure water to completely wash out the residual salt in the pipe and probe.
  5. Remove the probe and soak it in ultrapure water. Store at 4 °C to prevent the probe dialysis membrane from contracting.
    NOTE: If the volume of dialysis fluid is inconsistent with the volume of perfusion fluid, the probe may be blocked by coagulated blood. The probe can be placed in the pancreatic protein solution until the visible substance flakes off from the tip of the probe membrane.

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Representative Results

The present protocol allowed obtaining the cardiac blood from conscious rats according to sampling parameters set in the microdialysis equipment. Normal blood samples must be bright red, while animals with hypoxia, potential blood clots, or anemic disease may have dark purple or dark red. Samples obtained through the blood microdialysis technique are colorless, clear, and transparent, which can be used to analyze the serum markers of different diseases and the blood distribution of drugs and their metabolites by employing high-performance liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry. The parameters set and the volume of single blood collected are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1
Figure 1: Equipment and apparatus needed in blood microdialysis. (A) Animal anesthesia system. (B) Surgical instruments. (C) Operating table. (D) Sample collection tube. (E) Blood microdialysis probe, catheter, and syringe needle. (F) Microinjection pump. (G) Microinjection syringe. (H) Microdialysis probe in vitro stand. (I) Free-moving tank for rats. (J) Refrigerated fraction collector. (K) Whole blood sample and microdialysis-aided blood sample from rat. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2
Figure 2: Schematic illustration of blood microdialysis probe implanted into the right internal jugular vein of rat. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Parameters Value
Perfusion rate 2 μL/min
Sampling rate 2 μL/min
Sampling temperature 4 °C
Single blood collection volume 12 μL

Table 1: Set parameters of microdialysis blood sampling system.

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Discussion

CVDs are a common chronic disease in clinics with gradually increasing incidence in China, and the onset age tends to be younger, causing the concern and panic of most patients20,21. Being the leading cause of death in the world, CVDs can induce cerebral infarction and other high mortality diseases, seriously threatening the healthy life of patients22. CVDs, including ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, stroke, and heart failure, occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the heart narrow or harden23,24. Although many measures exist to diagnose CVDs, a blood test is still the most convenient and fastest. Accurately, sensitive and rapid determination of early markers related to CVDs can quickly diagnose and understand the pathophysiological state of the disease. Therefore, the growing diagnostic needs of patients with CVDs require one to collect high-quality and representative blood samples25. Blood collection methods commonly used in animal experiments embrace tail cutting, tail vein, inner canthus, abdominal aorta, sublingual vein, carotid arteriovenous, decapitation, syringe cardiac acquisition, and femoral arteriovenous blood sampling26. Conventional blood sampling is the most commonly used sampling method for in vivo drug analysis. However, due to the complicated blood composition and many endogenous disturbances, the separation and purification process is cockamamie and tedious, with the possibility of drug loss and contamination in this process27. In addition to considering the requirements of animal ethics, long-term blood collection with larger tissue damage can also lead to the animal's death and mislead test results of indicators28. Simultaneously, high-quality and acceptable blood samples are also decisive in ensuring the qualitative and quantitative detection of dynamic changes in active ingredients derived from ethnic herbals in the animal blood.

The microdialysis sampling technique used in this study is a new biopsy sampling technique developed in the past 20 years and is gradually being applied in the pharmacological studies of ethnic herbal medicine29. As for blood microdialysis, it is a selective permeable membrane that can continuously acquire large quantities of samples from the individual animal without losing body fluid. And more notably, microdialysis-based blood sampling technology maintains the dynamic balance of body fluid, avoids the problem of reduced blood flow caused by traditional blood collection technologies, and eliminates the influence of drug distribution on test results30,31. It deserves to be mentioned that the blood acquisition by online microdialysis achieves real-time detection of blood drug concentration in conscious animals at target sites32,33, which is especially suitable for the in vivo study of deep tissues and vital organs. With the increasingly mature application of microdialysis technology, the emergence of new tissue-specific probes has gradually developed from the initial detection of a single site in the brain to multiple sites, such as the liver, skin/skin flap, skeletal muscle, and eye, which expands the investigation of the pharmacological action of ethnic herbs in multiple tissues and organs33,34.

Although microdialysis sampling technology has its unique advantages compared with traditional sampling technology, it also has its own limitations35. Firstly, microdialysis is not suitable for sample collection of all substances, such as detecting protein biomacromolecules and drugs that can irreversibly bind to semi-permeable membranes. Secondly, probe characteristics, perfusate properties, and probe implantation operation limit probes' recycling and reuse. Thirdly, the costly probes and the high cost of online combined instruments have confined the use of microdialysis technology to some extent. In conclusion, the application of microdialysis technology will undoubtedly play a huge role in promoting ethnic medicine in the exploration of CVDs.

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Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82104533), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683273), the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan province (2021YJ0175) and the Key R&D project of Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Plan (2022YFS0438). Meanwhile, the authors would like to thank Mr. Yuncheng Hong, a senior equipment engineer at TRI-ANGELS D&H TRADING PTE. LTD. (Singapore city, Singapore), for providing technical services for microdialysis techniques.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Animal anesthesia system Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd R500IE
Animal temperature maintainer Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd 69020
Blood microdialysis probe  CMA Microdialysis AB T55347
Catheter  CMA Microdialysis AB T55347
Citrate Merck Chemical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd 251275
Electric shaver Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd CP-5200
Fep tubing  CMA Microdialysis AB 3409501
Free movement tank for animals  CMA Microdialysis AB CMA120
Glucose Merck Chemical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd G8270
Hemostatic forceps Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd F21020-16
Isofluran Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd R510-22
Micro scissors Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd FS221
Microdialysis collection tube  CMA Microdialysis AB 7431100
Microdialysis collector  CMA Microdialysis AB CMA4004
Microdialysis in vitro stand  CMA Microdialysis AB CMA130
Microdialysis microinjection pump  CMA Microdialysis AB 788130
Microdialysis syringe (1.0 mL)  CMA Microdialysis AB 8309020
Microdialysis tubing adapter  CMA Microdialysis AB 3409500
Microporous filter membrane Merck Millipore Ltd. R0DB36622
Non-absorbable surgical sutures Shanghai Tianqing Biological Materials Co., Ltd S19004
Operating table Yuyan Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd 30153
Ophthalmic forceps Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd F12016-15
Sodium citrate Merck Chemical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd 1613859
Sprague Dawley  (SD) rats Chengdu Dossy Experimental Animals Co., Ltd SYXK(Equation 1)2019-049
Surgical scissors Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd S14014-15
Surgical scissors Shanghai Bingyu Fluid technology Co., Ltd BY-103
Syringe needle  CMA Microdialysis AB T55347
Ultrasonic cleaner Guangdong Goote Ultrasonic Co., Ltd KMH1-240W8101

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Tags

Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction Rat Heart Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique Blood Components Analysis Cardiovascular Disease Real-time Monitoring Non-invasive Sampling Blood Biomarkers Detection High Phase Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Myocardial Infarction Apnea Atherosclerosis Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Embolism Cerebral Embolism Experimental Preparation Dialysis Unit Probe Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution Right Jugular Vein Slip Knot
Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart <em>via</em> Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique
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Cite this Article

Hou, Y., Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Meng,More

Hou, Y., Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, X., Zhang, S., Wang, X. Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique. J. Vis. Exp. (187), e64531, doi:10.3791/64531 (2022).

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