Troubleshooting FoCUS Image Acquisition: Patient Positioning, Transducer Manipulation, and Image Optimization

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to allow providers to perform focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) in the clinical environment. We describe methods of transducer manipulation, review common pitfalls of transducer movements, and suggest tips to optimize phased array transducer use.

Abstract

Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) is a limited, clinician-performed application of echocardiography to add real-time information to patient care. These bedside exams are problem oriented, rapidly and repeatedly performed, and largely qualitative in nature. Competency in FoCUS includes mastery of the stereotactic and psychomotor skills required for transducer manipulation and image acquisition. Competency also requires the ability to optimize the setup, troubleshoot image acquisition, and understand the sonographic limitations because of complex clinical environments and patient pathology. This article presents concepts for successful, high-quality two-dimensional (B-mode) image acquisition in FoCUS.

Concepts of high-quality image acquisition can be applied to all established sonographic windows of the FoCUS exam: the parasternal long-axis (PLAX), parasternal short-axis (PSAX), apical four chamber (A4C), subcostal fourchamber (SC4C), and the inferior vena cava (IVC). The apical five-chamber (A5C) and subcostal short-axis (SCSA) views are mentioned, but are not discussed in-depth. A pragmatic figure illustrating the movements of the phased array transducer is also provided to serve as a cognitive aid during FoCUS image acquisition.

Introduction

Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) is a limited, clinician-performed application of echocardiography that provides immediate anatomic, physiologic, and functional information to patient care. These exams, consisting of five classic views, are problem oriented, performed in real time at the bedside, and do not replace comprehensive echocardiography exams^1,2. Given the focused nature of these exams, they are often repeatedly performed when clinical status changes or serial monitoring is required. It is important to have standardized training and obtain adequate images of all five views, when possible, as some vi....

Protocol

This material is the authors' original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere. The protocol described is for clinical use and not research purposes. De-identified images were obtained from a volunteer model in a non-clinical environment. The authors did not seek a formal "Not Regulated" determination from the IRB in accordance with institutional policy, as the activity falls outside of the Common Rule and FDA definitions of human subject research.

1. The transducer

1. Use the phased array transducer. This is a 4-12 MHz transducer that penetrates deep into the thoracic space, due to its ....

Results

Representative images obtained from the focused cardiac ultrasound protocol presented above are presented in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6, demonstrating the feasibility of the technique described. These images were captured with the phased array 5-1 MHz transducer. The parasternal long axis (PLAX) image obtained from protocol se.......

Discussion

The aim of this publication is to provide practical recommendations and best practices to achieve optimal FoCUS images in challenging clinical environments. Formal ultrasound seminars, clinical experience, and observations of learners during hands-on teaching have given insight into pitfalls and less optimal tendencies. As a result, many factors that influence the stereotactic and psychomotor skills have become apparent. Although this material is described in relation to FoCUS exams, many of the principles can be applied.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aquasonic ultrasound gel	Parker	30592052	https://dr.graphiccontrols.com/en/catalog/ultrasound-gel/parker-laboratories-01-50-aquasonic-100-gel-5l-1332e66e/
Philips Sparq ultrasound machine	Phillips		https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC795090CC/sparq-ultrasound-system#documents