An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

Summary

Gene expression is regulated by interactions of gene promoters with distal regulatory elements. Here, we descirbe how low input Capture Hi-C (liCHi-C) allows the identification of these interactions in rare cell types, which were previously unmeasurable.

Abstract

Spatiotemporal gene transcription is tightly regulated by distal regulatory elements, such as enhancers and silencers, which rely on physical proximity with their target gene promoters to control transcription. Although these regulatory elements are easy to identify, their target genes are difficult to predict, since most of them are cell-type specific and may be separated by hundreds of kilobases in the linear genome sequence, skipping over other non-target genes. For several years, Promoter Capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) has been the gold standard for the association of distal regulatory elements to their target genes. However, PCHi-C relies on the availability of millions of cells, prohibiting the study of rare cell populations such as those commonly obtained from primary tissues. To overcome this limitation, low input Capture Hi-C (liCHi-C), a cost-effective and customizable method to identify the repertoire of distal regulatory elements controlling each gene of the genome, has been developed. liCHi-C relies on a similar experimental and computational framework as PCHi-C, but by employing minimal tube changes, modifying the reagent concentration and volumes, and swapping or eliminating steps, it accounts for minimal material loss during library construction. Collectively, liCHi-C enables the study of gene regulation and spatiotemporal genome organization in the context of developmental biology and cellular function.

Introduction

Temporal gene expression drives cell differentiation and, ultimately, organism development, and its alteration is closely related to a wide plethora of diseases^1,2,3,4,5. Gene transcription is finely regulated by the action of regulatory elements, which can be classified as proximal (i.e., gene promoters) and distal (e.g., enhancers or silencers), the latter of which are frequently located afar from their target genes and physically interact with them through chromatin looping to modulate gene expression^6,7,8.

The identification of distal regulatory regions in the genome is a matter which is widely agreed upon, since these regions harbor specific histone modifications^9,10,11 and contain specific transcription factor recognition motifs, acting as recruiting platforms for them^12,13,14. Besides, in the case of enhancers and super-enhancers^15,16, they also have low-nucleosome occupancy^17,18 and are transcribed into non-coding eRNAs^19,20.

Nonetheless, each distal regulatory element's target genes are more difficult to predict. More often than not, interactions between distal regulatory elements and their targets are cell-type and stimulus specific^21,22, span hundreds of kilobases, bridging over other genes in any direction^23,24,25, and can even be located inside intronic regions of their target gene or other non-intervening genes^26,27. Furthermore, distal regulatory elements can also control more than one gene at the same time, and vice versa^28,29. This positional complexity hinders pinpointing regulatory associations between them, and therefore, most of each regulatory element's targets in every cell type remain unknown.

During recent years, there has been a significant boom in the development of chromosome conformation capture (3C) techniques for studying chromatin interactions. The most widely used of them, Hi-C, allows to generate a map of all the interactions between every fragment of a cell's genome³⁰. However, to detect significant interactions at the restriction fragment level, Hi-C relies on ultra-deep sequencing, prohibiting its use to routinely study the regulatory landscape of individual genes. To overcome this economic limitation, several enrichment-based 3C techniques have emerged, such as ChIA-PET³¹, HiChIP³², and its low-input counterpart HiCuT³³. These techniques depend on the use of antibodies to enrich for genome-wide interactions mediated by a specific protein. Nonetheless, the unique feature of these 3C techniques is also the bane of their application; users count on the availability of high-quality antibodies for the protein of interest and cannot compare conditions in which the binding of the protein is dynamic.

Promoter Capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) is another enrichment-based 3C technique that circumvents these limitations^34,35. By employing a biotinylated RNA probe enrichment system, PCHi-C is able to generate genome-wide high-resolution libraries of genomic regions interacting with 28,650 human- or 27,595 mouse-annotated gene promoters, also known as the promoter interactome. This approach allows one to detect significant long-range interactions at the restriction fragment level resolution of both active and inactive promoters, and robustly compare promoter interactomes between any condition independently of the dynamics of histone modifications or protein binding. PCHi-C has been widely used over recent years to identify promoter interactome reorganizations during cell differentiation^36,37, identify the mechanism of action of transcription factors^38,39, and discover new potential genes and pathways deregulated in disease by non-coding variants^{40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48}, alongside new driver non-coding mutations^49,50. Besides, by just modifying the capture system, this technique can be customized according to the biological question to interrogate any interactome (e.g., the enhancer interactome⁵¹ or the interactome of a collection of non-coding alterations^41,52).

However, PCHi-C relies on a minimum of 20 million cells to perform the technique, which prevents the study of scarce cell populations such as the ones often used in developmental biology and clinical applications. For this reason, we have developed low input Capture Hi-C (liCHi-C), a new cost-effective and customizable method based on the experimental framework of PCHi-C to generate high-resolution promoter interactomes with low-cell input. By performing the experiment with minimal tube changes, swapping or eliminating steps from the original PCHi-C protocol, drastically reducing reaction volumes, and modifying reagent concentrations, library complexity is maximized and it is possible to generate high-quality libraries with as little as 50,000 cells⁵³.

Low input Capture Hi-C (liCHi-C) has been benchmarked against PCHi-C and used to elucidate promoter interactome rewiring during human hematopoietic cell differentiation, discover potential new disease-associated genes and pathways deregulated by non-coding alterations, and detect chromosomal abnormalities⁵³. The step-by-step protocol and the different quality controls through the technique are detailed here until the final generation of the libraries and their computational analysis.

Protocol

To ensure minimal material loss, (1) work with DNA low-binding tubes and tips (see Table of Materials), (2) place reagents on the tube wall instead of introducing the tip inside the sample and, (3) if possible, mix the sample by inversion instead of pipetting the sample up and down, and spin down afterward to recover the sample.

1. Cell fixation

1. Cells growing in suspension
   1. Harvest 50,000 to one million cells and place them in a DNA low-binding 1.5 mL tube.
      NOTE: The cell types used for the present study are detailed in the representative results section.
   2. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 600 x g (at 4 °C) using a fixed-angle rotor centrifuge and remove the supernatant by pipetting.
   3. Resuspend the cells in 1 mL of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at room temperature.
   4. Add 143 µL of methanol-free 16% formaldehyde to reach a concentration of 2% and mix.
   5. Incubate the cells for 10 min while rotating at room temperature to fix the cells.
      NOTE: Try to be as accurate as possible with the 10 min incubation. Over- or under-fixation of the cells can lead to a decrease in the quality of the library.
   6. Quench the reaction by adding 164 µL of ice-cold 1 M glycine and mix. Incubate the cells for 5 min, rotating at room temperature.
   7. Further incubate the cells for 15 min on ice, mixing by inversion every ~5 min.
   8. Centrifuge the cells for 10 min at 1,000 x g (at 4 °C) using a fixed-angle rotor centrifuge and remove the supernatant.
   9. Wash the cells by resuspending the pellet in 1 mL of ice-cold 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
   10. Centrifuge the cells for 10 min at 1,000 x g (at 4 °C) and remove the supernatant.
       ​NOTE: The pelleted cells can be flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen or dry ice and stored at -80 °C.
2. Adherent cells
   1. Wash the cells in the culture dish with 1x PBS.
   2. Prepare enough RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and methanol-free 2% formaldehyde at room temperature to cover the culture dish.
   3. Add the supplemented media to the culture dish with the cells and incubate for 10 min, rocking at room temperature to fix the cells.
      ​NOTE: Try to be as accurate as possible with the 10 min incubation. Over- or under-fixation of the cells can lead to a decrease in the quality of the library.
   4. Quench the reaction by adding 1 M glycine until 0.125 M and mix by rocking.
   5. Incubate the cells for 5 min, rocking at room temperature.
   6. Further incubate the cells for 15 min at 4 °C, mixing by rocking every 3-4 min.
   7. Remove the media and wash the cells with cold 1x PBS.
   8. Scrape the cells and transfer them into a 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube. Wipe the culture dish clean with 0.5-1 mL of cold 1x PBS.
   9. Centrifuge the cells for 10 min at 1,000 x g (at 4 °C) using a fixed-angle rotor centrifuge and remove the supernatant. The pelleted cells can be flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen or dry ice and stored at -80 °C.

2. Lysis and digestion

1. Resuspend the cells in 1 mL of cold lysis buffer (Table 1) to disrupt the cell membrane. The addition of the buffer alone should be enough to resuspend the cells, but they can be further resuspended if necessary by light vortexing.
2. Incubate on ice for 30 min, mixing by inversion every ~5 min. Centrifuge the nuclei for 10 min at 1,000 x g (at 4 °C) and remove the supernatant. Resuspend the nuclei with 500 µL of cold 1.25x restriction buffer 2 (see Table of Materials).
3. Centrifuge the nuclei for 10 min at 1,000 x g (at 4 °C) and remove the supernatant. Resuspend the nuclei in 179 µL of 1.25x restriction buffer 2.
4. Add 5.5 µL of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; see Table of Materials) and mix. The cells may form clumps; this is normal and needs to be disaggregated as much as possible by vortexing. Incubate the sample for 1 h at 37 °C in a thermoblock, with shaking at 950 rpm.
5. Quench the SDS by adding 37.5 µL of 10% Triton X-100 and mix. Incubate the sample for 1 h at 37 °C in a thermoblock, with shaking at 950 rpm.
6. Digest the chromatin by adding 7.5 µL of HindIII (100 U/µL; see Table of Materials) and mix. Incubate the sample overnight at 37 °C in a thermoblock, with shaking at 950 rpm.
7. The next morning, add an extra 2.5 µL of HindIII (100 U/µL) and further incubate the sample for 1 h at 37 °C in a thermoblock, with shaking at 950 rpm to ensure proper chromatin digestion.
   NOTE: As part of the digestion efficiency controls (see step 5.1), transfer the equivalent of 20,000 to 40,000 nuclei to another tube to represent the undigested control. After digestion, transfer the same number of cells to another tube again to represent the digested control. It is recommended to test the digestion efficiency as a separate experiment if the availability of the starting material is scarce.

3. Ligation and decrosslinking

1. Chill the sample on ice. Prepare a mastermix and add the following reagents to fill in and biotinylate the restriction fragment overhangs: 3 µL of 10x restriction buffer 2, 1 µL of nuclease-free water, 0.75 µL of 10 mM dCTP, 0.75 µL of 10 mM dTTP, 0.75 µL of 10 mM dGTP, 18.75 µL of 0.4 mM biotin-14-dATP, and 5 µL of 5 U/µL Klenow (see Table of Materials). Incubate the sample for 75 min at 37 °C, mixing by inversion every ~15 min.
2. Chill the sample on ice. Prepare a mastermix and add the following reagents to ligate the filled-in DNA ends: 50 µL of 10x ligation buffer, 2.5 µL of 20 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA), 12.5 µL of 1 U/µL T4 DNA ligase, and 173 µL of nuclease-free water (see Table of Materials).
3. Incubate the sample for 4-6 h at 16 °C, mixing by inversion every ~1 h. Further, incubate the sample for 30 min at room temperature. Decrosslink the chromatin by adding 30 µL of 10 mg/mL Proteinase K and mix. Incubate the sample overnight at 65 °C.
4. The following morning, add an extra 15 µL of 10 mg/mL Proteinase K and further incubate the sample for 2 h at 65 °C to ensure proper chromatin decrosslinking.

4. DNA purification

1. Cool the sample to room temperature and transfer it to a suitable tube for phenol-chloroform purification.
2. Add 1 volume (545 µL) of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) to purify the DNA and mix by vigorously shaking.
3. Centrifuge the sample for 5 min at 12,000 x g at room temperature and transfer the upper aqueous phase (545 µL) to a 2 mL DNA low-binding tube.
4. Add the following reagents to precipitate the DNA: 1,362.5 µL of 100% ethanol chilled to -20 °C, 54.5 µL of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2), and 2 µL of 15 mg/mL glycogen as a coprecipitant.
5. Incubate for 1 h at -80 °C or overnight at -20 °C.
6. Centrifuge the sample for 30 min at 16,000-21,000 x g at 4 °C and remove the supernatant. The DNA pellet must be visible.
7. Wash the pellet by adding 1 mL of 70% ethanol, vortexing, and centrifuging for 10 min at 16,000-21,000 x g at room temperature.
8. Remove the supernatant and let the pellet air-dry. Resuspend the DNA pellet in 130 µL of nuclease-free water.
9. Assess the concentration by fluorometric quantification (see Table of Materials). Store the purified 3C material at -20 °C for several months before proceeding with the protocol.

5. Optional quality controls

1. Assess the digestion efficiency. Perform decrosslinking and phenol:chloroform DNA purification, as described previously, to the undigested and digested controls obtained in step 2.13. Resuspend the DNA pellet in 10 µL of nuclease-free water. Quantify the concentration and dilute the obtained DNA, if necessary, to 4 ng/µL.
2. Perform quantitative PCR with 4 ng of DNA of both the undigested and digested controls, with primers spanning an open chromatin locus with and without a HindIII target (see Table 2 for primer design). Calculate the efficiency of the digestion following a previously published report³⁵.
   NOTE: The efficiency of ligation is calculated as a percentage using the formula: digestion (%) = 100 -100/(2^[(Ct digested with HindIII - Ctdigested without HindIII) - (Ct undigested with HindIII - Ct undigested without HindIII)]) (see Table 3), which takes into account the differential of the different Cts obtained for each primer pair in the undigested and digested controls.
3. Assess the sensitivity of the interaction detection by performing conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (0.2 mM dNTP, 0.4 µm both F + R primers, 0.1 and U/µL hot start polymerase), with primers spanning both long- and short-range cell-invariant interactions (see Table 2 for primer design). Use 50-100 ng of 3C material (for short- and long-range interactions, respectively) and amplify using the following conditions: 98 °C for 15 min, followed by 37 cycles of 98 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min, and finish by 72 °C for 10 min. Hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: If the amount of DNA obtained is less than 2 µg, only check a long- and a short-range interaction instead of the whole interaction panel.
4. Run the product on 1x tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) using 1.6% agarose gel and look for the presence of the corresponding PCR amplicon⁵⁴.
   NOTE: Due to the unpredictable "cutting-and-pasting" of the genome, unspecific bands may appear. As long as the correct band size is observed, it is counted as correct.
5. Assess the efficiency of biotin fill-in and ligation by differentially digesting a short-range PCR product with HindIII, NheI (see Table of Materials), both enzymes or none (water), and running the product on a 1x TBE 1.6% agarose gel. A correct fill-in and ligation eliminate the previous HindIII target and create a new NheI target, so the amplicon should be cut only in the presence of NheI.
   ​NOTE: To minimize material loss, retrieve 2.5 µL of a short-range PCR product from the interaction controls and reamplify it five times to perform the fill-in and ligation controls.

6. Sonication

1. Transfer the 130 µL of the sample (top up with nuclease-free water if some was used for the controls) to a cuvette suitable for sonication.
2. Set up a water bath sonicator and sonicate using the following parameters (optimized for the model and cuvettes described in Table of Materials): duty factor: 20%; peak incidence power: 50; cycles per burst: 200; time: 65 s; and temperature range: 6-10 °C (8 °C optimal).
3. Transfer the sample into a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube.

7. End-repair

1. Prepare a mastermix and add the following reagents to repair the DNA fragments' uneven ends created during the sonication: 18 µL of 10x ligation buffer, 18 µL of 2.5 mM dNTP mix each, 6.5 µL of 3 U/µL T4 DNA polymerase, 6.5 µL of 10 U/µL T4 PNK, and 1.3 µL of 5 U/µL Klenow (see Table of Materials).
2. Incubate the sample for 30 min at 20 °C and top up with Tris-low EDTA (TLE) buffer (see Table 1) to 300 µL.

8. Biotin pull-down

1. Transfer 150 µL of C1 streptavidin beads (see Table of Materials) per sample to a 1.5 mL tube, place them on a 1.5 mL tube magnet, and wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall. Remove the supernatant, leaving the beads behind.
2. Wash the beads with 400 µL of 1x Tween buffer (TB; see Table 1). To wash the beads, add the buffer and resuspend them by soft vortexing. Place the tube back in the magnet and wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall. Remove the supernatant, leaving the beads behind.
3. Wash the beads with 300 µL of 1x no Tween buffer (NTB; see Table 1). Resuspend the beads in 300 µL of 2x NTB (see Table 1).
   NOTE: The beads may form a dusty layer around the tube wall when washing with buffers without detergent. This is normal and doesn't affect the outcome of the protocol.
4. Combine this 300 µL of beads in 2x NTB with the 300 µL of the sample. Incubate for 15 min, rotating at room temperature to pull down the informative DNA fragments with biotin. The library is now stuck to the C1 streptavidin beads.
5. Wash the beads with 400 µL of 1x NTB. Wash the beads with 100 µL of TLE buffer and afterward resuspend them in 35.7 µL of TLE buffer.

9. dATP-tailing, adapter ligation, and PCR amplification

1. Prepare a mastermix and add the following reagents to the sample to dATP-tail the ends of the repaired DNA fragments: 5 µL of 10x restriction buffer 2, 2.3 µL of 10 mM dATP, and 7 µL of 5 U/µL Klenow exo-. Incubate the sample for 30 min at 37 °C.
2. Inactivate Klenow exo- by further incubating the sample for 10 min at 65 °C. Cool the sample on ice. Wash the beads with 300 µL of 1x TB. Wash the beads with 300 µL of 1x NTB.
3. Wash the beads with 100 µL of 1x ligation buffer and afterward resuspend them in 50 µL of 1x ligation buffer. Add 4 µL of 15 µM pre-annealed adapter mix (see Table 2) and 1 µL of 2,000 U/µL T4 DNA ligase (see Table of Materials) to the sample.
4. Incubate for 2 h at room temperature. Wash the beads with 400 µL of 1x TB. Wash the beads with 200 µL of 1x NTB. Wash the beads with 100 µl of 1x restriction buffer 2.
5. Wash the beads with 50 µL of 1x restriction buffer 2 and afterward resuspend them in 50 µL of 1x restriction buffer 2.
6. Mix the following reagents to prepare the PCR reaction to amplify the library: 50 µL of beads with the library, 250 µL of 2x PCR mastermix with enzyme, 12 µL of F + R primers (25 µM each; see Table 2), and 188 µL of nuclease-free water.
7. Perform the PCR with the following conditions (split the PCR reagent mix into 50 µL reactions): 98 °C for 40 s, followed by X cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 65 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and finish by 72 °C for 10 min. Hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: Use the following number of cycles as a starting point for optimizing the protocol in diploid cells aiming for a 500-1,000 ng output before library capture: one million cells for eight cycles; 250,000 cells for 10 cycles; 50,000 cells for 12 cycles.
8. Pool all the 50 µL reactions from the same sample into a 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube, place it on a 1.5 mL tube magnet, and wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall.
9. Transfer the supernatant containing the library (500 µL) to a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube. Top up with TLE buffer to 500 µL if some of the supernatant was lost. The C1 streptavidin beads are no longer needed.
10. Perform a double-sided selection⁵⁵ using paramagnetic bead purification (0.4-1 volume). This allows for the selective elimination of too-large (>1,000 bp) and too-small fragments or PCR primers (<200 bp), depending on the concentration of polyethylene glycol and salt of the paramagnetic beads added.
11. Add 200 µL (0.4 volumes) of stock beads to the library and mix by vortexing. Incubate for 10 min, rotating at room temperature.
12. Place on a magnet, wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall, and transfer the supernatant containing the library (without the larger fragments) to a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube.
13. Concentrate the beads by taking 750 µL of stock beads, place them in a 1.5 mL tube on a magnet, wait for 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall, remove the supernatant, and resuspend the beads by vortexing in 300 µL of new stock beads.
14. Add this 300 µL of concentrated beads to the sample (1 volume) and mix by vortexing. Incubate for 10 min, rotating at room temperature. Place on a magnet, wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall, and remove the supernatant (containing the smaller fragments and PCR primers).
15. Wash the beads three times with 1 mL of 70% ethanol. To do this, add the ethanol while the tube with the beads is still on the magnet, trying not to disturb the beads, and wait for 30-60 s. Afterward, remove the supernatant without disturbing the beads.
16. Allow the beads to air-dry and resuspend them in 21 µL of TLE buffer by vortexing.
    NOTE: Excessive drying of the beads can reduce the yield when eluting the DNA. Aim to resuspend them in TLE buffer immediately after they are no longer "shiny" from the ethanol.
17. Incubate the sample for 10 min at 37 °C in a thermoblock to elute the library from the beads. Place the tube in a magnet and transfer the supernatant containing the library to a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube.
18. Quantify the size and concentration by automated electrophoresis (see Table of Materials). Purified Hi-C material can be stored at -20 °C for several months before proceeding with the protocol.

10. Library capture

1. Work with 500-1,000 ng of the library. Concentrate the library by drying the DNA using a vacuum concentrator and resuspending the material in 3.4 µL of nuclease-free water.
2. Add the following blockers from the target enrichment kit (see Table of Materials) to the sample: 2.5 µL of Blocker 1, 2.5 µL of Blocker 2, and 0.6 µL of custom oligo blocker for the adapters.
3. Resuspend thoroughly, transfer the solution to a 0.2 mL PCR strip, and incubate in a thermocycler for 5 min at 95 °C, followed by 5 min at 65 °C with a heated lid. Leave the tube incubating at 65 °C.
4. Prepare the hybridization solution by combining the following reagents from the target enrichment kit (see Table of Materials) per sample (13 µL). Keep on the bench at room temperature: 6.63 µL of Hyb 1, 0.27 µL of Hyb 2, 2.65 µL of Hyb 3, and 3.45 µL of Hyb 4.
5. Dilute 0.5 µL of RNase block from the target enrichment kit with 1.5 µL of nuclease-free water per sample. Thaw 5 µL of the biotinylated RNA per sample on ice and add to it the 2 µL of the diluted RNase block. Keep on the bench at room temperature.
6. Add the 13 µL of the hybridization solution to the 7 µL of the biotinylated RNA with RNase and mix well.
7. While on the thermocycler at 65 °C, transfer the hybridization solution with the biotinylated RNA (20 µL) to the blocked library. Close the tube lid firmly and incubate in the thermocycler overnight at 65 °C.
   ​NOTE: To minimize sample evaporation (which may lead to suboptimal RNA-DNA hybridization) when carrying out multiple samples at the same time, use a multichannel pipette to transfer the biotinylated RNA to each library at the same time.

11. Biotin pull-down and PCR amplification

1. Transfer 50 µL of T1 streptavidin beads per sample to a 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube, place them on a 1.5 mL tube magnet, and wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall. Remove the supernatant, leaving the beads behind. Wash the beads three times with 200 µL of the binding buffer from the target enrichment kit.
2. Resuspend the beads in 200 µL of binding buffer. While on the thermocycler at 65 °C, transfer the sample to the resuspended T1 streptavidin beads and incubate for 30 min, rotating at room temperature.
3. Wash the beads with 200 µL of wash buffer 1 from the target enrichment kit. Incubate for 15 min, rotating at room temperature. Wash the beads three times with 200 µL of wash buffer 2 from the target enrichment kit heated to 65 °C. Incubate for 10 min at 65 °C in a thermoblock, shaking at 300 rpm between washes.
4. Wash the beads with 200 µL of 1x restriction buffer 2 and afterward resuspend them in 30 µL of 1x restriction buffer 2.
5. Mix the following reagents to prepare the PCR reaction to amplify the library: 30 µL beads with the library, 150 µL of 2x PCR mastermix with enzyme, 7.2 µL of F + R primers (25 µM each; see Table 2), and 112.8 µL of nuclease-free water.
6. Perform the PCR with the following conditions (split the PCR reagent mix in 50 µL reactions): 98 °C for 40 s, followed by four cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 65 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and finish with 72 °C for 10 min. Hold at 4 °C.
7. Pool all the 50 µL reactions from the same sample into a 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube, place it on a 1.5 mL tube magnet, and wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall.
8. Transfer the supernatant containing the library (300 µL) to a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube. Top up with TLE buffer to 300 µL if some of the supernatant was lost. The T1 streptavidin beads are no longer needed.
9. Perform a DNA purification using paramagnetic beads (0.9 volumes; see Table of Materials). Add 270 µL of stock beads to the sample and mix by vortexing.
10. Incubate for 10 min, rotating at room temperature.
11. Place on a magnet, wait 2-3 min or until all the beads are stuck to the wall, and remove the supernatant.
12. Wash the beads three times with 1 mL of 70% ethanol. To do this, add the ethanol while the tube with the beads is still on the magnet, trying not to disturb the beads, and wait 30-60 s. Afterward, remove the supernatant without disturbing the beads.
13. Allow the beads to air-dry and resuspend them in 21 µL of TLE buffer by vortexing.
    NOTE: Excessive drying of the beads can reduce the yield when eluting the DNA. Aim to resuspend them in TLE buffer immediately after they are no longer "shiny" from the ethanol.
14. Incubate the sample for 10 min at 37 °C in a thermoblock to elute the library from the beads.
15. Place the tube in a magnet and transfer the supernatant containing the library to a new 1.5 mL DNA low-binding tube.
16. Quantify the size and concentration by automated electrophoresis.

Results

liCHi-C offers the possibility of generating high-quality and resolution genome-wide promoter interactome libraries with as little as 50,000 cells⁵³. This is accomplished by – besides the drastic reduction of reaction volumes and the use of DNA low-binding plasticware throughout the protocol – removing unnecessary steps from the original protocol, in which significant material losses occur. These include the phenol purification after decrosslinking, the biotin removal, and subsequent phenol-chloro...

Discussion

liCHi-C offers the capability of generating high-resolution promoter interactome libraries using a similar experimental framework from PCHi-C's but with a vastly reduced cell number. This is greatly achieved by eliminating unnecessary steps, such as phenol purification and biotin removal. In the classical in-nucleus ligation Hi-C protocol⁵⁷ and its subsequent derivative technique PCHi-C, biotin is removed from non-ligated restriction fragments to avoid pulling down DNA fragments that are after...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.4 mM Biotin-14-dATP	Invitrogen	19524-016
0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0	Invitrogen	AM9260G
1 M Tris pH 8.0	Invitrogen	AM9855G
10x NEBuffer 2	New England Biolabs	B7002S	Referenced as restriction buffer 2 in the manuscript
10x PBS	Fisher Scientific	BP3994
10x T4 DNA ligase reaction buffer	New England Biolabs	B0202S
16% formaldehyde solution (w/v), methanol-free	Thermo Scientific	28908
20 mg/mL Bovine Serum Albumin	New England Biolabs	B9000S
5 M NaCl	Invitrogen	AM9760G
5PRIME Phase Lock Gel Light tubes	Qiuantabio	2302820	For phenol-chloroform purification in section 4 (DNA purification). Phase Lock Gel tubes are a commercial type of tubes specially designed to maximize DNA recovery after phenol-chloroform purifications while avoiding carryover of contaminants in the organic phase by containing a resin of intermediate density which settles between the organic and aqueous phase and isolates them. PLG tubes should be spun at 12,000 x g for 30 s before use to ensure that the resin is well-placed at the bottom of the tube
Adapters and PCR primers for library amplification	Integrated DNA Technologies	-	Bought as individual primers with PAGE purification for NGS
Cell scrappers	Nunc	179693	Or any other brand
Centrifuge (fixed-angle rotor for 1.5 mL tubes)	Any brand
CHiCAGO R package	1.14.0
CleanNGS beads	CleanNA	CNGS-0050
dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP	Promega	U120A, U121A, U122A, U123A	Or any other brand
DNA LoBind tube, 1.5 mL	Eppendorf	30108051
DNA LoBind tube, 2 mL	Eppendorf	30108078
DNA polymerase I large (Klenow) fragment 5000 units/mL	New England Biolabs	M0210L
Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1 beads	Invitrogen	65002	For biotin pull-down of the pre-captured library in section 8 (biotin pull-down)
Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin T1 beads	Invitrogen	65602	For biotin pull-down of the post-captured library in section 11 (biotin pull-down and PCR amplification)
DynaMag-2	Invitrogen	12321D	Or any other magnet suitable for 1.5 ml tubeL
Ethanol absolute	VWR	20821.321
FBS, qualified	Gibco	10270-106	Or any other brand
Glycine	Fisher BioReagents	BP381-1
GlycoBlue Coprecipitant	Invitrogen	AM9515	Used for DNA coprecipitation in section 4 (DNA purification)
HiCUP	0.8.2
HindIII, 100 U/µL	New England Biolabs	R0104T
IGEPAL CA-630	Sigma-Aldrich	I8896-50ML
Klenow EXO- 5000 units/mL	New England Biolabs	M0212L
Low-retention filter tips (10 µL, 20 µL, 200 µL and 1000 µL)	ZeroTip	PMT233010, PMT252020, PMT231200, PMT252000
M220 Focused-ultrasonicator	Covaris	500295
Micro TUBE AFA Fiber Pre-slit snap cap 6 x 16 mm vials	Covaris	520045	For sonication in section 6 (sonication)
NheI-HF, 100 U/µL	New England Biolabs	R3131M
Nuclease-free molecular biology grade water	Sigma-Aldrich	W4502
PCR primers for quality controls	Integrated DNA Technologies	-
PCR strips and caps	Agilent Technologies	410022, 401425
Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl Alcohol 25:24:1, Saturated with 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA	Sigma-Aldrich	P3803
Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with HF Buffer	New England Biolabs	M0531L	For amplification of the library in sections 9 (dATP-tailing, adapter ligation and PCR amplification) and 11 (biotin pull-down and PCR amplification)
Protease inhibitor cocktail (EDTA-free)	Roche	11873580001
Proteinase K, recombinant, PCR grade	Roche	3115836001
Qubit 1x dsDNA High Sensitivity kit	Invitrogen	Q33230	For DNA quantification after precipitation in section 4 (DNA purification)
Qubit assay tubes	Invitrogen	Q32856
rCutsmart buffer	New England Biolabs	B6004S
RPMI Medium 1640 1x + GlutaMAX	Gibco	61870-010	Or any other brand
SDS - Solution 10% for molecular biology	PanReac AppliChem	A0676
Sodium acetate pH 5.2	Sigma-Aldrich	S7899-100ML
SureSelect custom 3-5.9 Mb library	Agilent Technologies	5190-4831	Custom designed mouse or human capture system, used for the capture
SureSelect Target Enrichment Box 1	Agilent Technologies	5190-8645	Used for the capture
SureSelect Target Enrichment Kit ILM PE Full Adapter	Agilent Technologies	931107	Used for the capture
T4 DNA ligase 1 U/µL	Invitrogen	15224025	For ligation in section 3 (ligation and decrosslink)
T4 DNA ligase 2000000/mL	New England Biolabs	M0202T	For ligation in section 9 (dATP-tailing, adapter ligation and PCR amplification)
T4 DNA polymerase 3000 units/mL	New England Biolabs	M0203L
T4 PNK 10000 units/mL	New England Biolabs	M0201L
Tapestation 4200 instrument	Agilent Technologies		For automated electrophoresis in section 9 (dATP-tailing, adapter ligation, and PCR amplification) and section 11 (Biotin pull-down and PCR amplification). Any other automated electrophoresis system is valid
Tapestation reagents	Agilent Technologies	5067-5582, 5067-5583, 5067-5584, 5067-5585,	For automated electrophoresis in section 9 (dATP-tailing, adapter ligation, and PCR amplification) and section 11 (Biotin pull-down and PCR amplification). Any other automated electrophoresis system is valid
Triton X-100 for molecular biology	PanReac AppliChem	A4975
Tween 20	Sigma-Aldrich	P9416-50ML