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Method Article

Transforming Static Barrier Tissue Models into Dynamic Microphysiological Systems

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DOI:

10.3791/66090

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February 16th, 2024

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester

In This Article

Summary

This protocol describes a reconfigurable membrane-based cell culture platform that integrates the open-well format with fluid flow capabilities. This platform is compatible with standard protocols and allows for reversible transitions between open-well and microfluidic culture modes, accommodating the needs of both engineering and bioscience laboratories.

Abstract

Microphysiological systems are miniaturized cell culture platforms used to mimic the structure and function of human tissues in a laboratory setting. However, these platforms have not gained widespread adoption in bioscience laboratories where open-well, membrane-based approaches serve as the gold standard for mimicking tissue barriers, despite lacking fluid flow capabilities. This issue can be primarily attributed to the incompatibility of existing microphysiological systems with standard protocols and tools developed for open-well systems.

Here, we present a protocol for creating a reconfigurable membrane-based platform with an open-well structure, flow enhancement capability, and compatibility with conventional protocols. This system utilizes a magnetic assembly approach that enables reversible switching between open-well and microfluidic modes. With this approach, users have the flexibility to begin an experiment in the open-well format using standard protocols and add or remove flow capabilities as needed. To demonstrate the practical usage of this system and its compatibility with standard techniques, an endothelial cell monolayer was established in an open-well format. The system was reconfigured to introduce fluid flow and then switched to the open-well format to conduct immunostaining and RNA extraction. Due to its compatibility with conventional open-well protocols and flow enhancement capability, this reconfigurable design is expected to be adopted by both engineering and bioscience laboratories.

Introduction

Vascular barriers serve as a critical interface that separates the blood compartment from the surrounding tissue. They play a critical role in preserving homeostasis by attracting immune cells, controlling molecular permeability, and shielding against the intrusion of pathogens into the tissue1,2. In vitro culture models have been developed to mimic the in vivo microenvironment, enabling systematic investigations into the factors and conditions that impact barrier properties in both healthy and diseased states3,4.

The most widely used approach for such culture models is the Transwell-like "open-well" configuration5, where a porous, track-etched culture membrane separates media-filled compartments (Figure 1A). In this format, cells can be seeded on either side of the membrane, and a wide range of experimental protocols has been developed. However, these systems are limited in their ability to provide the fluid flows essential for supporting barrier maturation and mimicking immune cell circulation seen in vivo5,6. Consequently, they cannot be used for studies requiring dynamic flows that introduce drug doses, mechanical stimulation, or fluid-induced shear stresses6,7,8.

To overcome the limitations of open-well systems, microfluidic platforms that combine porous culture membranes with individually addressable fluidic channels have been developed9. These platforms offer precise control over fluid routing, perfusion, and the introduction of chemical compounds, controlled shear stimulation, and dynamic cell addition capabilities7,10,11,12,13. Despite the advanced capabilities provided by microfluidic platforms, they have not seen widespread adoption in bioscience laboratories due to complex microfluidic protocols and their incompatibility with established experimental workflows4,10,14.

To bridge the gap between these technologies, we present a protocol that employs a magnetically reconfigurable, module-based system. This system can be easily switched between open-well and microfluidic modes based on the specific needs of the experiment. The platform features an open-well device, known as m-µSiM (modular microphysiological system enabled by a silicon membrane), with a 100 nm thick culture membrane (nanomembrane). This nanomembrane possesses high porosity (15%) and glass-like transparency, as illustrated in Figure 1B. It physically separates the top compartment from a bottom channel, allowing for molecular transport across physiological length scales15. Unlike conventional track-etched membranes, which have known challenges in imaging live cells with bright-field imaging, the nanomembrane's favorable optical and physical properties enable clear visualization of cells on either side of the membrane surface15,16,17.

The present protocol outlines the fabrication of specialized seeding and flow modules and explains the magnetic reconfiguration of the platform. It demonstrates how the platform can be employed to establish endothelial barriers under both static and dynamic conditions. This demonstration reveals that endothelial cells align along the flow direction, with an upregulation of shear-sensitive gene targets under shear stimulation.

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Protocol

This design can be used in various modes based on experimental requirements and the preferences of the end user. Prior to each experiment, consult the decision flow chart presented in Figure 2 to determine the necessary steps and modules for the protocol. For example, if the user intends to maintain the open-well format throughout an experiment to directly compare it with the Transwell-type system, the patterning stencil is not required for cell seeding. The core module is commercially available (see Table of Materials), and the ultrathin nanomembrane can be selected from a library of materials with different porosity and pore sizes to suit experimental needs.

1. Fabrication of the patterning stencil

NOTE: The patterning stencil serves to position cells exclusively on the porous region of the membrane chip, preventing cells from settling onto the surrounding silicon layer where they could potentially experience damage after the flow module is added16 (refer to Figure 3). Damage to the monolayer can adversely affect barrier integrity and compromise experimental outcomes. The stencil is unnecessary in an open, static culture, as there is no risk of damage.

  1. Purchase, machine, or 3D print a mold using the design provided in Supplementary Coding File 1 (Figure 4A).
    NOTE: The stencil walls are tapered to increase media capacity and minimize bubble trapping compared to high aspect ratio straight-walled features.
  2. Attach a 130 µm pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) film to a 3.2 mm acrylic sheet using a cold roller (see Table of Materials).
  3. Laser cut the acrylic sheet according to the design provided in Supplementary Coding File 2 to create an array of cavities (Figure 4B).
  4. Peel off the protective layer from the PSA film and attach the acrylic sheet to the mold.
    NOTE: Ensure that the laser-cut sheet is aligned with the mold so that the mold features are centered within the cavity (Figure 4C). The accuracy of cell positioning on the membrane depends on this step.
  5. Thoroughly mix the PDMS prepolymer (using a 10:1 base to catalyst ratio) (see Table of Materials) and degas it in a vacuum chamber until no visible bubbles remain (5-15 min).
  6. Slowly pour the PDMS into the mold cavities, leveling it with a flat edge.
    NOTE: To prevent bubble entrapment, pour the PDMS into each cavity slowly. If bubbles are present after pouring, place the mold in the vacuum chamber and degas it again.
  7. Cure the PDMS on a hotplate at 70 °C for 1 h, and then allow it to cool to room temperature.
  8. Extract the stencils from the mold cavities using flat-tipped tweezers.

2. Fabrication of the flow module

NOTE: The flow module shares a similar footprint with the clover-shaped well of the core module and includes a molded microchannel (width = 1.5 mm, height = 0.2 mm, length = 5 mm). The clover shape aids in aligning the channel over the porous culture region (Figure 5).

  1. Use standard soft lithography techniques18 to create a silicon mold with features defined by the design provided in Supplementary Coding File 3 (Figure 4D).
  2. Attach a 130 µm PSA film to a 3.2 mm thick acrylic sheet.
  3. Laser cut the acrylic sheet based on the design given in Supplementary Coding File 4 to create an array of clover-shaped cavities (Figure 4E).
    NOTE: The height of the cavity determines the height of the flow module, which must be slightly taller (by 0-0.1 mm) than the height of the core module well to ensure proper sealing.
  4. Remove the protective layer from the PSA film and then attach the laser-cut sheet to the silicon mold by aligning the triangular alignment marks on the silicon mold with those on the laser-cut sheet.
    NOTE: Similar to step 1.4, ensure that the laser-cut acrylic sheet is aligned with the silicon mold so that the mold features are centered within each cavity (Figure 4F). This step determines the position of the microchannel relative to the footprint.
  5. Slowly pour the degassed PDMS onto the mold cavities and level it with a flat edge.
    NOTE: If bubbles are present after pouring, degas the mold until the bubbles are removed.
  6. Place the mold on a hotplate and bake the PDMS at 70 °C for 1 h, then allow the mold to cool to room temperature.
  7. Carefully remove the flow modules from the mold cavities using flat-tipped tweezers.
  8. Orient the flow module with the microchannel features facing upward, and position the core inlet and outlet ports at the end of the channel using a biopsy punch (see Table of Materials).

3. Fabrication of lower and upper acrylic housings

NOTE: The core module fits into the lower housing. The attraction between embedded magnets in the housings compresses and seals the flow module to the core module (Figure 6).

  1. Laser-cut a 2 mm acrylic sheet using the design provided in Supplementary Coding File 5 to create the upper housing with holes for magnet insertion.
  2. Attach a 130 µm PSA film to a 3.5 mm acrylic sheet.
  3. Laser-cut the acrylic sheet based on the design given in Supplementary Coding File 6 to create the lower housing with holes for magnet insertion.
    NOTE: The thickness of the lower housing is a critical parameter and must match the overall thickness of the core module to prevent leakage during flow.
  4. Remove the PSA protective layer and attach the lower housing to a glass coverslip.
  5. Press-fit 4.75 mm nickel-plated neodymium magnets (see Table of Materials) into the laser-cut holes of the housings.
    NOTE: Ensure that magnets in the lower and upper housings are placed with opposite polarity to ensure magnetic attraction (Figure 6).

4. Fabrication of the flow circuit

NOTE: The closed-loop flow circuit contains two sample collection vials as reservoirs (Figure 7). The inlet reservoir has a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter to allow the cell media to equilibrate with the CO2 concentration in the incubator.

  1. Use a 1 mm biopsy punch to create two holes in the cap of a sample collection vial.
  2. Use biopsy punches to create two holes (1 mm and 4 mm) in the cap of a separate sample collection vial, and create a 1 mm hole in the lower part of this vial.
  3. Insert 20 G dispensing tips into each of the 1 mm holes and seal them with hot glue.
  4. Place a 0.22 µm PVDF filter (see Table of Materials) in the 4 mm hole and seal it with hot glue.
  5. Laser-cut a 1.5 mm acrylic sheet using the design provided in Supplementary Coding File 7 to create a sample holding stage.
  6. Position the reservoirs on the acrylic stage.
  7. Connect the dispensing tips using micro flow tubes (see Table of Materials).
  8. Link the tubes to the inlet and outlet of the flow module using 21 G dispensing tips.
  9. Utilize a peristaltic pump (see Table of Materials) for flow circulation.
    ​NOTE: Syringe or pneumatic pumps can also be used to introduce flow if desired. The flow rate should be determined based on experimental needs. A comprehensive table, derived from an experimentally validated COMSOL model, is provided in Supplementary Table 1 to assist users in selecting the necessary flow rate to achieve the desired shear stress at the cell monolayer16.

5. Cell seeding

NOTE: Similar to conventional membrane inserts, different cell types can be cultured on the nanomembrane. A secondary cell type can also be co-cultured on the other side of the membrane in the bottom channel15.

  1. Coat the membrane with 5 µg/cm2 of fibronectin (see Table of Materials) at room temperature for 1 h to improve cell attachment.
    NOTE: The chosen cell type may influence the required coating and cell density. The procedure described here is for Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, see Table of Materials).
  2. Aspirate the coating solution using a P200 pipette and place a patterning stencil in the core module well.
  3. Add cell media to the well and bottom channel of the device.
  4. Seed HUVECs at a density of 40,000 cells/cm2 into the well.
    NOTE: HUVECs at this density typically form a confluent monolayer after 24 h of incubation16,19.
  5. Place the device in a Petri dish. Add a 15 mL conical tube cap with DI water to the Petri dish to maintain local humidity.
  6. Transfer the Petri dish to the incubator.
    ​NOTE: Cell media in the top well and bottom channel of the device should be changed every 24 h. To change the media in the bottom channel, gently inject fresh media into one of the ports to displace the old media from the other port.

6. Reconfiguration to microfluidic mode

  1. Sterilize the upper housing, lower housing, flow module, reservoirs, tubes, and dispensing tips by placing them in a UV sterilization chamber for 30 min prior to assembly. Circulate 70% ethanol and then sterile PBS in the flow circuit.
  2. Fill the reservoirs and tubes with Endothelial Cell Growth media (see Table of Materials).
  3. Place the lower housing on the sample stage. Insert the open-well core module into the lower housing.
  4. Aspirate cell media from the well of the module. Place the flow module in the well.
  5. Place the upper housing to seal the flow module in the core module well. Connect the inlet and outlet dispensing tips to the flow module ports.
  6. Start the peristaltic pump to introduce fluid flow into the system.

7. Conducting downstream analysis in open-well format after flow introduction

NOTE: The culture time here depends on the experimental goals. Users can conduct downstream analysis (e.g., Immunocytochemistry, RNA extraction) either in the open-well or microfluidic formats based on their preference. For instance, if an open-well format is preferred, the system should be reconfigured to conduct assays based on standard protocols16,19.

  1. Stop the pump when the desired time for shear flow exposure is reached. Remove the inlet and outlet dispensing tips.
  2. Remove the upper housing. Gently remove the flow module from the well using tweezers.
  3. Add 100 µL of cell media to the well. Conduct desired assays based on standard protocols.

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Results

The open-well core module is initially positioned within a specific cavity created by a lower housing and a coverslip, as illustrated in Figure 6A. Subsequently, the flow module, which includes a microchannel and access ports, is inserted into the well of the core module. The flow module is securely sealed against the silicon support layer of the membrane due to the magnetic attraction force between magnets embedded in the lower and upper housings, as depicted in Figure ...

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Discussion

The aim of this protocol is to develop a practical method for incorporating flow capabilities into an open-well platform featuring an ultrathin nanomembrane. In this design, a magnetic latching approach is utilized, allowing switching between open-well and fluidic modes during experiments and combining the advantages of both approaches. Unlike conventional permanently bonded platforms, magnetic latching allows the platform to be disassembled at convenient points during the experimental workflow16<...

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Disclosures

J.L.M. is a co-founder of SiMPore, Inc. and holds an equity interest in the company. SiMPore is commercializing the ultrathin silicon-based technologies, including the membranes used in this study.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded in part by the National Institute of Health under award numbers R43GM137651, R61HL154249, R16GM146687, and NSF grant CBET 2150798. The authors thank the RIT Machine Shop for aluminum mold fabrication. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
0.5 x 0.86 Micro Flow tubesLanger InstrumentsWX10-14 & DG Series
1 mm Disposable Biopsy Punches, Integra MiltexVWR95039-090
1x PBS 7.4 pHThermoFisher Scientific10010023
20 GAUGE IT SERIES DISPENSING TIPJensen GlobalJG20-1.5X
21 GAUGE NT PREMIUM SERIES ANGLED DISPENSING TIPJensen GlobalJG21-1.0HPX-90
3M 467 MP Pressure senstitive adhesive (PSA)DigiKey3M9726-ND
3M 468 MP Pressure senstitive adhesive (PSA)DigiKey3M9720-ND
AlexaFluor 488 conjugated phalloidinThermoFisher ScientificA12379 
Applied Biosystems TaqMan Fast Advanced Master MixThermo Fisher Scientific4444556
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Fraction V, 98%, Reagent grade, Alfa Aesar, Size = 10 gVWRAAJ64100-09
Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic SheetMcMaster-Carr8560K17112" x 12" x 1/16"
Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic SheetMcMaster-Carr8589K3112" x 12" x 3/32"
Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic SheetMcMaster-Carr8560K19112" x 12" x 7.64"
Corning Fibronectin, Human, 1 mgCorning47743-728
Cover Glasses, Globe Scientific, L x W = 24 x 60 mmVWR10118-677
DOW SYLGARD 184 SILICONE ENCAPSULANT CLEAR 0.5 KG KITEllsworth Adhesives4019862
EGM-2 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 BulletKitLonzaCC-3162
Fixture A1&A2SiMPore Inc.NA
Fixture B1&B2SiMPore Inc.NA
High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit with RNase InhibitorThermo Fisher Scientific4374966
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)ThermoFisher ScientificC0035C
LIVE/DEAD Cell Imaging Kit (488/570)Thermo Fisher ScientificR37601
Molecular Probes Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, TrihydrateThermo Fisher ScientificH3570
Nickel-plated magnets (4.75 mm diameter, 0.34 kg pull force)K&J MagneticsD313/16" dia. x 1/16" thick
Paraformaldehyde, 4% w/v aq. soln., methanol free, Alfa AesarFisher Scientificaa47392-9M
Peristaltic PumpLanger InstrumentsBQ50-1J-A
Photoresist SU-8 developer solutionFisher ScientificNC9901158
PVDF syringe filtersPerkinElmer2542913
Silicon waferUniversity wafer,USA1196
SU-8 3050Fisher ScientificNC0702369
Target gene: eNOS (Hs01574659_m1)ThermoFisher Scientific4331182
Target gene: GAPDH (Hs02786624_g1)ThermoFisher Scientific4331182
Target gene: KLF2 (Hs00360439_g1)ThermoFisher Scientific4331182
Thermo Scientific Pierce 20x PBS Tween 20Thermo Fisher Scientific28352
Transport Tube Sample White caps, 5 mL, SterileVWR100500-422
TRI-reagentThermoFisher ScientificAM9738
Ultrathin Nanoporous Membrane ChipSiMPore Inc.NPSN100-1LThe design is  compatible with all of SiMPore membranes
uSiM component 1SiMPore Inc.NA
uSiM component 2SiMPore Inc.NA

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Tags

Open-Well PlatformFlow EnhancementReconfigurable Cell CultureEndothelial Cell MonolayerMagnetic AssemblyMicrofluidic ModeShear Stress ExposureMembrane-Based Culture
Transforming Static Barrier Tissue Models into Dynamic Microphysiological Systems
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