Quantifying Elastic Properties of Environmental Biofilms using Optical Coherence Elastography

Summary

This paper highlights the optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique's efficacy in rapidly and non-destructively characterizing biofilm elastic properties. We elucidate critical OCE implementation procedures for accurate measurements and present Young's modulus values for two granular biofilms.

Abstract

Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young's modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.

Introduction

In wastewater treatment and water resource recovery, beneficial biofilms in attached growth reactors are increasingly employed to enable microbes to convert undesirable pollutants, such as organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphate, into stabilized forms that can be easily removed from the water¹. In these systems, the biofilm's emergent function, namely biochemical transformations, is closely associated with the diversity of microbes residing in it and the nutrients these microbes receive². Accordingly, ongoing biofilm growth can pose a challenge to maintaining consistent reactor functionality because the new biofilm g....

Protocol

1. System setup

1. Gather the system components which include the commercial OCT system (base unit, stand, imaging head, and computer), waveform generator, transducer, delay/pulse generator, a switch with BNC connections, BNC cables and adapters, optical posts, and clamps.
2. Connect the sync signal from the function generator to a switch. Connect the other port of the switch to the delay generator.
3. Connect the output of the function generator to the transducer leads.
4. Connect the outputs of the delay generator to the trigger channel at the back of the OCT base unit. The output signal from the delay generator is a tr....

Results

In this study, we used granular biofilms (also known as granular sludge), which were commercially obtained. Granules are spherical biofilms that form through self-aggregation, meaning that they do not require a carrier or surface on which to grow²⁶. Figure 3A shows a representative cross-sectional OCT image that arises due to the spatial variation of the local refractive index in a granular biofilm. The biofilm has a nominal diameter of 3 mm. Some of .......

Discussion

The attainable imaging depth in the OCT system is determined by the degree of light penetration from the light source, which depends on the wavelength of the source. Moreover, the wavelength determines the axial resolution. Longer wavelengths can penetrate more deeply into the sample but at the expense of reduced axial resolution compared to shorter wavelengths. Transverse resolution, on the other hand, is dependent on both the numerical aperture of the system and the wavelength, with shorter wavelengths delivering .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D printed sample holder
3D printed wedge tip			3 mm width
BNC cables	Any brand
Delay generator	Stanford Research Systems	DG535	DG535 Digital delay/ Pulse Generator
Function generator	Agilent Technologies		33250A 80 MHz Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Granular biofilm	Aqua-Aerobic Systems		Obtained from an Aerobic Granular Sludge reactor (Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.)
MATLAB	MathWorks		Release 2022a (MATLAB 9.12)
Piezoelectric transducer	Thorlabs	PK2JUP1	Discrete Piezo Stack, 75 V, 30.0 µm Displacement
SD-OCT System	Thorlabs		Ganymede II, LSM03 scan lens
ThorImageOCT	Thorlabs		Version: 5.5.5