miR-22-Mediated Regulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling by Curcumin in Retinoblastoma

Summary

This study presents a protocol for evaluating the effects of curcumin on retinoblastoma cell behavior through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and miR-22 expression.

Abstract

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common intraocular malignant tumor affecting infants and children, yet its precise etiology and pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol, inhibits tumor progression via microRNA-mediated modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. This study aimed to clarify how curcumin mediates its antitumor effects in RB by investigating its regulation of miRNA-22 (miR-22) expression and exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms. Two validated retinoblastoma models (SO-RB50/WERI-Rb-1) were treated with curcumin at varying concentrations. To delineate miR-22's regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, target cells were transduced with either a miR-22 mimic lentivirus or a non-functional control lentivirus. Xenograft tumor models were established in mice using human RB cells to observe the in vivo effects of curcumin on tumor size, miR-22 expression, and Wnt/β-catenin protein levels. Cellular proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK-8, Transwell, and Annexin V-APC-PI dual staining assay, respectively. miR-22 levels were quantified by RT-PCR, and Wnt1 and β-catenin expression profiles were determined by Western blot analysis. Curcumin treatment resulted in decreased proliferation and invasiveness in RB cells, while enhancing apoptosis and elevating miR-22 expression. Inhibition of miR-22 diminished curcumin's effects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In xenograft studies, curcumin significantly reduced tumor size and enhanced miR-22 expression within the tumors, effectively suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings demonstrate that curcumin inhibits RB cell proliferation and invasiveness while promoting apoptosis, primarily mediated through miR-22 upregulation and subsequent inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Introduction

Retinoblastoma (RB), a pediatric malignancy with high aggressiveness arising in retinal tissues, poses a substantial health threat, especially to children under the age of five. Genetic mutations, particularly those affecting the RB1 gene, are closely associated with the development of this disease¹. Considering the significant prevalence of retinoblastoma (RB) among infants and children, coupled with the fact that approximately 9000 new cases are reported annually, predominantly in low-income and developing countries, a comprehensive understanding of the disease mechanisms is imperative for developing effective therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes². Over the years, research on RB has primarily centered on genomic alterations, specifically in miRNA expression³. Certainly, miR-34a and miR-22 have emerged as vital players in the tumorigenesis of RB^4,5. Among these miRNAs, miR-22 has demonstrated its involvement in tumorigenesis across different cancers^6,7,8, influencing proliferation, invasion, and migration^6,9. Moreover, previous research has indicated reduced miR-22 expression in both mouse and human RB cell lines, further highlighting its potential role in this disease¹⁰.

Curcumin, a principal bioactive curcuminoid in Curcuma longa rhizomes, has been a fundamental ingredient in traditional medicine and Asian cuisines¹¹. Its rich pharmacological profile, encompassing antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, has garnered significant attention in biomedical research^12,13,14. Numerous studies have explored its antitumor role in RB, highlighting its influence on different signaling pathways, including NF-κB¹⁵, JAK/STAT¹⁶, and MRP1¹⁷.Compared with these previously studied pathways, the curcumin-miR-22/Wnt/β-catenin axis may offer a more targeted and specific approach, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target effects.

Previous studies have suggested that curcumin achieves antitumor effects via modulating the TET1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway axis in hepatocellular carcinoma¹⁸ and colonic cancer cells¹⁹. However, whether curcumin can suppress tumor progression in RB cells by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway remains unknown. Recent studies have reported decreased miR-22 expression in retinoblastoma cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma linked to alterations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activity^20,21. Considering practical applicability, curcumin exhibits effective antitumor activity within a defined concentration range (10-40 µM in vitro)^15,22 and can be administered in vivo with manageable pharmacokinetic properties, facilitating translational research. Therefore, this study aims to establish an RB model to investigate whether curcumin increases miR-22 levels and subsequently decreases Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity, providing a potentially more efficient and clinically relevant therapeutic strategy compared with conventional NF-κB, JAK/STAT, or MRP1 modulation approaches.

Protocol

All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee (AEWC) of Tianjin Eye Hospital (Approval No. NKYY-DWLL-2023-054). The reagents and the equipment used are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Cell culture

Cells of the human retinoblastoma lines WERI-Rb-1 and SO-RB50 were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were seeded at an appropriate density in culture flasks and maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing %CO₂. Medium was replaced every 2-3 days, and cells were passaged at 70%-80% confluence using standard trypsinization.

2. Animal experiments

A total of 48 specific-pathogen-free Balb/c nude mice (4 weeks old, 16-18 g) were used. Animals were housed in sterile, individually ventilated cages under laminar airflow with controlled environmental conditions of 26-28 °C and 40%-60% relative humidity. Feed, water, and bedding were sterilized prior to use. Mice were allowed free access to food and water and were acclimatized for one week before experiments.

3. Animal grouping and treatment

WERI-Rb-1 and SO-RB50 cells stably transfected with either a miR-22 mimic or a negative control sequence were used for tumor inoculation. Cells in logarithmic growth phase were harvested, resuspended in sterile phosphate-buffered saline, and adjusted to a density of 5 × 10⁷ cells/mL. Each mouse was injected subcutaneously with 0.1 mL of the suspension into the right forelimb. Mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6 per group): model group, curcumin group, miR-22 mimic group, miR-22 mimic + curcumin group, miR-22 negative control group, and miR-22 negative control + curcumin group. In groups receiving curcumin, mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of 15 mg/kg curcumin once daily beginning immediately after tumor cell inoculation. The remaining groups received equal volumes of DMSO as vehicle control.

4. Tumor weight and volume measurement

The tumor take rate was approximately 80%-90% in xenografted nude mice. Tumor size was measured weekly using a digital caliper, with the longest diameter recorded as length (L) and the shortest diameter recorded as width (W). Tumor volume was calculated using the formula V = (L × W²)/2. Mice were monitored regularly for tumor growth and health status, and humane endpoints were applied if tumors exceeded 1,500 mm³ or if animals showed signs of distress or weight loss. At the end of week 4, mice were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation followed by cervical dislocation to ensure death. Tumors were dissected and weighed immediately after removal.

5. microRNA transfection

Synthetic oligonucleotides, including the miR-22 mimic, negative control, anti-miR-22 (20-methoxy-modified), anti-miR negative control, Wnt1-specific siRNAs, and control siRNA, were used for transfection. Cells at 70%-80% confluence were seeded in 6-well plates one day before transfection. Transfection was performed using a lipid-based reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. For each well, nucleic acids were diluted in serum-free medium and combined with the transfection reagent at the recommended ratio to form complexes, which were incubated for 15-20 min at room temperature before being added dropwise to cells in complete medium. The final volume per well was 2 mL. After 6 h of incubation at 37 °C with 5% CO₂, the medium was replaced with fresh complete medium. Cells were maintained for 48 h before subsequent assays. Transfection efficiency was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Three different siRNAs targeting Wnt1 (si-Wnt1-1: 5'-CCAAGAGTCTGCAACTGGTACTCGA-3'; si-Wnt1-2: 5'-CGAGAAACGGCGTTTATCTTCGCTA-3'; si-Wnt1-3: 5'-GCTTCCTCATGAACCTTCACAACAA-3') were used individually or as an equimolar mixture to minimize off-target effects.

6. Cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay

Cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 10³ cells per well in 100 µL of complete medium and allowed to adhere overnight. After treatment with the indicated concentrations of curcumin for the specified duration, 10 µL of CCK-8 working solution was added directly to each well. Wells containing medium alone served as blank controls. Plates were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 4 h, after which absorbance was measured at 490 nm using a microplate reader. Cell viability was calculated as:

Viability (%) = x 100

Dose-response curves were generated, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of curcumin was determined accordingly.

7. Transwell assay

For the migration assay, cells were suspended in serum-free medium and seeded into the upper chambers of Transwell inserts (pore size 8 µm) at 3 × 10⁵ cells in 200 µL per insert. The lower chambers were filled with 600 µL of complete medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum as a chemoattractant. Plates were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 24 h. After incubation, non-migratory cells on the upper surface of the membrane were gently removed with a sterile cotton swab. Inserts were rinsed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde at 4 °C for 30 min, rinsed again, and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 30 min at room temperature. Excess dye was removed by washing in PBS. Membranes were allowed to air dry, and migrated cells were visualized under an inverted microscope at 400× magnification. For quantification, three random fields per insert were imaged, and the average number of cells was calculated.

8. Annexin V-APC-PI assay

Cells from each group were harvested, washed twice with pre-cooled phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and centrifuged at 300 × g for 5 min at 4 °C. The pellet was resuspended in 300 µL of 1× binding buffer at a density of approximately 1 × 10⁶ cells/mL. Annexin V-APC (5 µL) was added, and samples were incubated for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Immediately before flow cytometry, 5 µL of propidium iodide was added to 200 µL of the cell suspension and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Samples were analyzed on a flow cytometer using appropriate channels (APC and PI), and data were processed with standard gating strategies to distinguish live, early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic cells.

9. qRT-PCR Profiling

Total RNA was extracted using a phenol-chloroform method, and concentration and purity were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. For reverse transcription, 1 µg of total RNA was used in a 20 µL reaction with a reverse transcription master mix according to the manufacturer's protocol. Quantitative PCR was performed in 20 µL reactions containing 2 µL of cDNA, 10 µL of SYBR Green master mix, and 0.4 µM of each primer. Reactions were run on a real-time PCR system with the following cycling program: 95 °C for 1 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 63 °C for 25 s, with fluorescence acquisition at the end of each cycle. A melting curve analysis was performed from 55 °C to 95 °C to verify product specificity. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate, and relative expression was quantified using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. U6 served as the reference gene for microRNA quantification, and β-actin was used for mRNA normalization.

The primer sequences were as follows: U6: forward 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3', reverse 5'-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3'; miR-22: forward 5'-GCCTGAAGCTGCCAGTTGA-3', reverse 5'-GTGCAGGGTCGAGGT-3'; Wnt1: forward 5'-CGATGGTGGGGTATTGTGAAC-3', reverse 5'-CCGGATTTTGGCGTATCAGAC-3'; β-actin: forward 5'-AGTGTGACGTGGACATCCGCAAAG-3', reverse 5'-ATCCACATCTGCTGGAAGGTGGAC-3'. Amplification data were processed using the system software. All primers were obtained from a commercial provider.

10. Western blot

Proteins were extracted from cultured cells or tissues using a lysis buffer containing protease inhibitors, and protein concentrations were determined by the bicinchoninic acid method. Equal amounts of protein (40 µg per lane) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE under constant voltage (80 V for stacking gel and 120 V for resolving gel) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes using a wet transfer system at 100 V for 90 min. Membranes were blocked in 5 % skim milk prepared in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1 % Tween-20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature. Primary antibodies against Wnt1, β-catenin, and β-actin were diluted 1:1000 in TBST containing 1% skim milk and incubated with the membranes overnight at 4 °C. After washing three times with TBST (10 min each), membranes were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000 dilution) for 1 h at room temperature. Following another three washes with TBST, protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent, and signals were captured with a digital imaging system. Band intensities were quantified using ImageJ software.

11. Luciferase assay

A wild-type reporter plasmid (Wnt1-WT) containing the 3′UTR of Wnt1 with predicted miR-22 binding sites and a mutant reporter (Wnt1-MUT) with disrupted binding sites were constructed. Human retinoblastoma cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells per well and co-transfected with either Wnt1-WT or Wnt1-MUT reporter plasmids together with a miR-22 mimic or negative control using a lipid-based transfection reagent. For each well, 500 ng of reporter plasmid and 50 nM of miRNA mimic or control were used. After 48 h of incubation at 37 °C with 5 % CO₂, cells were lysed in 100 µL of passive lysis buffer. Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were measured sequentially using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system according to the manufacturer's protocol. Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity to control for transfection efficiency. Each condition was tested in triplicate wells and repeated in three independent biological replicates.

12. Statistical analysis

All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from at least three independent biological replicates. Statistical analyses were performed using statistical software. Comparisons among multiple groups were conducted by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Dose-Dependent anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of curcumin on human retinoblastoma cells, accompanied by Wnt/β-catenin pathway deactivation
Human RB cells were treated with varying curcumin doses over a 24 h period. The findings revealed a dose-dependent decline in cell viability and invasion, coupled with an increase in apoptosis. Specifically, as the concentration of curcumin increased from 10 to 50 µM, cell proliferation decreased progressively in both SO-Rb50 and WERI-Rb-1 cell lines when compared to untreated cells (Figure 1A). The IC50 of curcumin was found to be 35 µM for SO-Rb50 cells and 38 µM for WERI-Rb-1 cells. Moreover, in both cell lines, curcumin remarkably reduced invasion in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1B) and increased the apoptotic rate (Figure 1C). Importantly, a dose-dependent suppression of Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression was observed in both cell lines upon treatment with 10-50 µM of curcumin (Figure 2A,B).

Curcumin-induced modulation of miR-22 expression and its impact on proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in human RB cells
Curcumin was found to modulate miR-22 expression. RT-PCR analysis revealed miR-22 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner with curcumin treatment. Specifically, miR-22 levels in cells treated with higher curcumin concentrations were more than double those in control cells (Figure 3). Additionally, transfection efficiency analysis showed remarkable upregulation or downregulation of miR-22 levels in both retinoblastoma cell lines compared to control cells transfected with miR-NC (Figure 4A). Functional assays further indicated that elevated miR-22 expression led to reduced cell proliferation and invasion (Figure 4B,C) and increased cell apoptosis (Figure 4D) in both WERI-Rb-1 and SO-Rb50 cells.

Direct Interaction between miR-22 and Wnt1 suppresses Wnt1 expression in human retinoblastoma cells
Western blot analysis indicated elevated Wnt1 expression in untreated human RB cells compared to those treated with curcumin (Figure 5). Bioinformatics identified putative binding loci within Wnt1 3'UTR complementary to miR-22 (Figure 5A), suggesting a potential interaction. To confirm this prediction, luciferase reporter assays were conducted, demonstrating that ectopic expression of miR-22 remarkably reduced the Wnt1-WT reporter's luciferase activity. Nevertheless, no notable impact on luciferase activity was detected for the Wnt1-MUT reporter in either cell line (Figure 5B). These observations suggest a direct correlation between the 3'UTR of Wnt1 and miR-22. Furthermore, qRT-PCR confirmed miR-22 overexpression significantly reduced Wnt1 mRNA in RB cells, whereas miR-22 inhibition elevated Wnt1 levels across both models (Figure 5C).

miR-22 knockdown reverses the effects of Wnt1 loss on proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in human retinoblastoma cells
Rescue experiments were performed to delve deeper into the suppressive impact of miR-22 on Wnt1 in human retinoblastoma. Cells underwent transfection with either si-Wnt1, si-NC, or were co-transfected with a combination of si-Wnt1 and anti-miR-22, or si-Wnt1 and anti-miR-NC. WB analysis revealed that si-Wnt1 notably diminished Wnt1 expression in WERI-Rb-1 and SO-RB50 cells. This reduction, however, was reversed upon the knockdown of miR-22 (Figure 6A). Functionally speaking, the depletion of Wnt1 led to decreased proliferation and invasion, along with an induction of apoptosis in both cell lines. Nevertheless, the absence of miR-22 mitigated the impacts of Wnt1 knockdown on these cellular processes in human retinoblastoma cells (Figure 6B-D).

Curcumin regulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by upregulating miR-22, affecting the RB cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis
Western blot (WB) assessed Wnt1/β-catenin protein levels post-transfection with miR-NC or anti-miR-22. Curcumin significantly downregulated both Wnt1 and β-catenin's expressions compared to controls. However, this curcumin-induced downregulation was reversed upon transfection with the miR-22 inhibitor (Figure 7A). Conversely, transfection with the miR-22 inhibitor elevated the protein levels of Wnt1 and β-catenin in comparison to curcumin-treated cells (Figure 7B,C). Further analysis revealed that curcumin reduced RB cell proliferation and invasion, while promoting apoptosis compared to controls. Transfection with the miR-22 inhibitor partially reversed these curcumin-induced effects, whereas transfection with miR-22 NC had no notable impact (Figure 8).

Curcumin suppresses tumor growth via miR-22-mediated downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a nude mouse model
Nude mouse xenografts were established to assess curcumin's anti-RB efficacy. Curcumin treatment and miR-22 mimic overexpression significantly inhibited tumor growth in both cell lines, with a more pronounced effect when curcumin and miR-22 mimic were combined (Figure 9). In contrast, miR-22 NC showed no tumor-suppressive effect in either cell line. Additionally, both curcumin treatment and miR-22 mimic overexpression reduced Wnt1 and β-catenin proteins in transplanted tumors (Figure 10). The combination of curcumin and miR-22 mimic exhibited an even stronger suppressive effect on Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins.

DATA AVAILABILITY:
All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in Supplementary File 1 and have been fully discussed within the manuscript.

Figure 1: Curcumin dose effects on RB cells (n = 3). (A) Cell viability (CCK-8). (B) Cell invasion (Transwell), scale bar = 50 µm. (C) Apoptosis (Annexin V/PI). (a) 0 µM Curcumin; (b) 10 µM Curcumin; (c) 20 µM Curcumin; (d) 30 µM Curcumin; (e) 40 µM Curcumin. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); ^ / ^^ vs (c); ! / !! vs (d); @ / @@ vs (e). Notations: p < 0.05, p < 0.01 vs indicated comparison group (marked by letters a-e). Abbreviations: Cur (curcumin), anti-22 (anti-miR-22), NC (negative control), MC (model control). Assay abbreviations are defined in the Protocol section. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Curcumin inhibits Wnt/β-catenin in tumors (n = 3). (A) SO-Rb50 tumors. (B) WERI-Rb1 tumors. (a) 0 µM Curcumin; (b) 10 µM Curcumin; (c) 20 µM Curcumin. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); ^ / ^^ vs (c). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Curcumin upregulates miR-22 (n = 3). (a) 0 µM Curcumin; (b) 10 µM Curcumin; (c) 20 µM Curcumin; (d) 30 µM Curcumin. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); ^ / ^^ vs (c); ! / !! vs (d). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4: miR-22 modulates RB cell functions (n = 3). (A) miR-22 levels. (B) Cell viability (CCK-8).(C) Cell invasion (Transwell), scale bar = 50 µm. (D) Apoptosis (Annexin V/PI). (a) NC; (b) miR-22. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); ## vs (b). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 5: miR-22 targets Wnt1 (n = 3). (A) miR-22 binding sites: WT vs MUT. (B) Luciferase assay (SORb-50/WERI-Rb1). (C) Wnt1 mRNA levels (qRT-PCR). (a) NC; (b) miR-22. Statistical significance: p vs (a); ## vs (b). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 6: miR-22/Wnt1 regulate RB phenotypes (n = 3). (A) Wnt1 protein levels. (B) Cell viability (CCK-8). (C) Cell migration (Transwell), scale bar = 50 µm. (D) Apoptosis (Annexin V/PI). (a) Si-NC; (b) Si-Wnt1. Statistical significance: p vs (a); # / ## vs (b). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 7: Curcumin/miR-22 suppresses Wnt pathway (n = 3). (A) miR-22 levels. (B) SO-Rb50 protein levels. (C) WERI-Rb1 protein levels. (a) Control; (b) Curcumin; (c) anti-NC; (d) anti-miR-22; (e) Curcumin + anti-NC. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); ^ / ^^ vs (c); ! / !! vs (d); @ / @@ vs (e). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 8: Curcumin/anti-miR-22 regulates RB cells (n = 3). (A) Cell viability (CCK-8). (B) Cell migration (Transwell), scale bar = 50 µm. (C) Apoptosis (Annexin V/PI). (a) Control; (b) Curcumin; (c) anti-NC; (d) anti-miR-22; (e) Curcumin + anti-NC. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); ^ / ^^ vs (c); ! / !! vs (d); @ / @@ vs (e). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 9: Curcumin inhibits tumor growth (n = 6). (A) Tumor volume. (B) Tumor images. (C) Tumor weight. (a) MC; (b) Curcumin; (f) miR-22. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); & / && vs (f). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 10: Wnt1/β-catenin in tumors (n = 6). (A) SO-Rb50 tumors. (B) WERI-Rb1 tumors. (a) MC; (b) Curcumin; (f) miR-22. Statistical significance: p / p vs (a); # / ## vs (b); & / && vs (f). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Supplementary File 1: Raw data generated during the study. Please click here to download this File.

Discussion

Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa rhizomes, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant properties^23,24. Additionally, it has antitumor properties, particularly its ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells²⁵. Although prior research has emphasized the growth-suppressive effects of curcumin on RB cells^22,26,27, there is still a limited understanding of the precise mechanisms that underlie curcumin's antitumor activity in RB treatment. This study confirmed curcumin's cytotoxicity in human RB cells, revealing dose-dependent suppression of proliferation/invasion alongside promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, curcumin elevated miR-22 expression while suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling in both RB cells and tissues. These molecular alterations are correlated with reduced proliferation and invasion and enhanced apoptosis. The research suggests that the upregulation of miR-22 serves as a crucial factor in mediating the antitumor effects of curcumin. In 2012, Sreenivasan et al²⁰ reported that curcumin treatment led to the upregulation of miR-22 in human Y79 RB cells, which subsequently impacted cell proliferation and migration. Similarly, Li et al.¹⁶ also showed that miR-229a upregulation led to JAK/STAT pathway downregulation, thereby inhibiting RB cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoting apoptosis. Currently, a gene network underlying curcumin's inhibitory effects on lung cancer has been established²⁸. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin enhances paclitaxel sensitivity in cancer stem cells, potentially mediated through its interactions with miRNAs^29,30.

Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling represents a key therapeutic target in multiple cancers, particularly retinoblastoma (RB)^31,32,33. Activation of this pathway triggers β-catenin accumulation, subsequently inducing oncogene expression such as Cyclin D1 and c-Myc³⁴. Despite curcumin's established capacity to suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling across malignancies^35,36,37, its specific impact on RB cells has yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, miR-22 has been linked to an antitumor role specifically in RB cells³⁸. Consequently, elucidating the miR-22-mediated curcumin-Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk is crucial. The research suggested that miR-22 upregulation played a mediating role in curcumin's inhibitory effects on RB by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Specifically, miR-22 upregulation suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, initiating curcumin's anti-proliferative, antimigratory, and anti-invasive effects in human RB cells. This process was mediated through specific Wnt/β-catenin targeting, markedly reducing β-catenin levels. Critical procedural steps influencing reproducibility were identified. In cell experiments, transfection efficiency and initial cell confluence (~80%) strongly affected miR-22 modulation and downstream Wnt/β-catenin inhibition. In animal models, tumor take rate (~90% for WERI-Rb-1 and SO-RB50 xenografts) significantly influenced downstream curcumin treatment outcomes. Accurate control of curcumin concentration and incubation times is also essential to avoid off-target cytotoxic effects.

Over the last decade, RB-related microRNA research has identified numerous dysregulated miRNAs. Prior work characterized curcumin's miRNA modulation in RB cells^16,20. Given the established correlation between noncoding RNAs and tumor progression, multiple lncRNA/miRNA/target gene axes modulate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in RB. For instance, axes such as lncRNA MBLN1-AS1/miR-338-5p³⁹, CircTET1/miR-492 and miR-494-3p⁴⁰, and lncRNA MT1JP⁴¹ have been found to exert inhibitory effects on RB, while lncRNA ZFPM2-AS1/miR-515/HOXA1⁴², lncRNA LEF1-AS⁴³, and lncRNA ANRIL/miR-24⁴⁴ promote the progression of RB. This study establishes the miR-22/Wnt1/β-Catenin axis as a key mechanism underlying curcumin's antitumor effects in RB. Since certain lncRNAs, including PART1⁴⁵ and NNT-AS1⁴⁶, have been identified as "miRNA sponges" for miR-22, future research could focus on exploring the role of lncRNA or CircRNA/miR-22/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway axes. This study indicates that curcumin, as an epigenetic agent, represents a promising new approach for RB treatment. Additionally, the miR-22/Wnt1/β-catenin axis constitutes the core mechanism underlying therapeutic efficacy.

Method modifications and troubleshooting were considered to ensure experimental success. For instance, excessive curcumin concentration may induce non-specific cytotoxicity, whereas suboptimal probe incubation times can lead to weak signal detection. Regular monitoring of cell morphology, viability, and tumor size, along with vehicle controls (DMSO), can mitigate variability. Limitations of this approach include its current restriction to in vitro RB cell lines and xenograft models, with unclear translational applicability to human patients. Additionally, curcumin's bioavailability and pharmacokinetics may constrain its clinical utility, and off-target effects in non-cancerous retinal cells cannot be ruled out.

Compared with previously studied pathways (e.g., NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MRP1 modulation), the curcumin-miR-22/Wnt approach directly links miRNA regulation with a canonical oncogenic signaling pathway, providing a more specific mechanism of action. This strategy also integrates both epigenetic and signaling-level modulation, offering potential advantages in combinatory therapies and precision targeting. These results showed miR-22 overexpression suppresses proliferative and invasive capacities in human RB cells, concomitantly enhancing apoptosis via direct Wnt1 targeting in vitro. Furthermore, this study confirmed that curcumin can regulate the miR-22/Wnt1/β-catenin axis. The antitumor effects observed in human RB cells enhance the comprehension of the underlying molecular mechanisms and uncover a novel regulatory target of curcumin in the fight against human RB tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, these data elucidated the curcumin/miR-22/Wnt1/β-catenin cascade's impact on RB systems. Further investigation of the relevant mechanisms is imperative.

In conclusion, curcumin's anti-proliferative and invasion-suppressing effects against RB are established. These effects are primarily mediated through the upregulation of miR-22 expression, which subsequently inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study highlights critical procedural considerations, acknowledges limitations, and emphasizes the advantage of the curcumin-miR-22/Wnt approach over previous methods, providing a practical and mechanistically informed basis for future RB therapy research.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Annexin V-APC/PI dual staining kit	Solarbio	CA1020	quantitatively assess apoptosis in RB cells via flow cytometry
CCK-8 Assay Kit	Beyotime	C0038	measure the absorbance at 490 nm for evaluating cell proliferative capacity
CO2 incubator	Eppendorf		maintain optimal culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO2, and saturated humidity) for RB cell propagation
Curcumin	Sigma	C1386	Investigating the Anti-Tumor Effects of Curcumin on Retinoblastoma (RB)
ECL chemiluminescent substrate	Bioss	C05-07004	visualize protein bands in Western blot analysis
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	VivaCell	C04001-500 C04002-500	Cell Culture
Flow cytometry	Beckman Coulter	Gallios	quantitatively analyze the apoptosis rate of cells
ImageJ Software	National Institutes of Health	version 6	Western blot band analysis,assess protein expression levels
Inverted microscope	Olympus	CKX53	observe and count invasive cells at 400× magnification in the Transwell assay
Lipofectamine 3000	Invitrogen	L3000015	Cell Transfection
Microplate reader	Thermo	K3	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantification
miR-22 mimic Lentivirus	Hanheng Biotechnology	hsa-miR-22	establish a stably transfected cell line for animal experiments
Multiplex real-time PCR system	Bio-Rad	CFX384	perform quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) for precise gene expression analysis
Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS)	Abbkine	BMC1030	Added to cell culture media to prevent bacterial contamination
Protein Extraction Kit	Solarbio	BC3640-50T	protein isolation from cellular and tissue samples
psiCHECK-2 vector	promega	JR20110328	construct Wnt1-WT (wild-type) and Wnt1-MUT (mutant) reporter plasmids for investigating the interaction between miR-22 and Wnt1 3'UTR
PVDF membrane	Merck	ISEQ00010	protein blotting
Rabbit IgG secondary antibody	Cell Signaling Technologies	14708	Western blot detection by binding to the primary antibody
SPSS statistical software	IBM	SPSS 20.0	perform statistical analysis on the experimental data
SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix Kit	Invitrogen	11752-050	reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA for subsequent RT-PCR analysis
SYBR Premix Ex Taq II Kit	TaKaRa Bio	RR820A	For RT-PCR to quantitatively detect the expression of Wnt1, β-actin, and other target genes
TRIzol reagent	Invitrogen	12183-555	RNA extraction from both cellular and tissue samples
UV spectrophotometer	Beckman	DU800	determine the concentration and purity of RNA samples
Wnt1 antibody	Abcam	ab15251	Western blot analysis to detect Wnt1 protein expression
β-actin antibody	Abcam	ab8227	used as an internal reference to normalize protein loading in Western blot analysis
β-catenin antibody	Cell Signaling Technologies	37447	Western blot analysis to detect β-catenin protein expression