Optimized Yeast Surface Display Workflow for Directed Evolution of Proteases

Summary

This protocol provides an optimized workflow for the directed evolution of viral proteases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a surface-display-based selection system. It outlines DNA insert library and substrate cassette design, electroporation optimized for high transformation efficiency, fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based selection for protease cleavage, and sequencing of enriched variants.

Abstract

Directed evolution mimics the natural evolutionary process in a fast, controlled laboratory environment to evolve proteins with desirable functions or traits. Screening a large pool of mutant protein-coding genes allows functional selection of desired variants for applications in biotechnology, medicine, and synthetic biology. Using this protocol, we perform directed evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to engineer protease variants with high specificity for a non-native substrate sequence. We display these protease variants on the yeast cell surface to facilitate the selection of desired variants via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) over multiple rounds of enrichment. Four key elements of the substrate cassette are co-expressed with the protease library: a fusion protein composed of (i) the yeast adhesion receptor subunit Aga2, (ii) selection and (iii) counter-selection substrate sequences, (iv) epitope tag sequences, and an optional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval signal sequence. Yeast cells in which only the selection substrate sequence is cleaved are isolated using multicolor FACS via fluorescent (phycoerythrin/fluorescein isothiocyanate–tagged) anti-epitope antibodies. Here we provide details of the optimized, step-by-step protocol to conduct a protease evolution campaign, including DNA insert library design and substrate cassette design, yeast cell electroporation with high transformation efficiency (up to 10⁹ transformants per microgram of DNA), FACS-based selection, enrichment, and sequencing of evolved variants. We demonstrate our directed evolution protocol by evolving the tobacco etch virus nuclear inclusion A protease (TEVp) from cleaving its natural substrate sequence, ENLYFQ↓S, to cleaving a new sequence, ENLYFE↓S.

Introduction

Cysteine proteases of the Potyviridae family, specifically the nuclear inclusion A (NIa) proteases, represent a largely untapped source of sequence-specific endopeptidases. With more than 3,800 characterized family members, NIa proteases cleave a distinct seven-amino-acid substrate sequence. The potyviral family offers a diverse set of proteases for engineering programmable protein control systems, constructing orthogonal protease-based genetic circuits, and developing sequence-specific biotechnological tools^1,2. Despite this natural diversity, only two NIa proteases, TEVp and tobacco vein mottling vi....

Protocol

All experiments involving recombinant S. cerevisiae were conducted in accordance with the policies and procedures of the Institutional Biosafety and Chemical Safety Committee at The University of Texas at Dallas. Recombinant yeast strains were handled under Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) containment in accordance with established institutional microbiological practices. Electroporation, culture, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were performed in accordance with approved institutional biosafety procedures. Yeast cultures and contaminated consumables were decontaminated and disposed of as biohazardous waste in accordance with institutional guidelines.<....

Results

Efficient library construction is critical to ensure sufficient coverage of the mutational space. To avoid loss of rare functional variants, the number of transformants should reach at least 10× to 100× the theoretical library size. Because transformation efficiency in S. cerevisiae is influenced by cell concentration and is highest in early- to mid-log-phase cells¹⁶, we optimized the initial cell density prior to electroporation. Yeast cultures were subcultured at initial OD₆₀₀

Discussion

Directed evolution is a high-throughput method that uses iterative cycles of diversification and selection to identify proteins with enhanced or novel biochemical function¹⁷. In this protocol, we detail an optimized workflow to evolve protease-substrate recognition using a cell-surface display system in S. cerevisiae. The surface display system maps protease activity to a detectable fluorescence-based phenotype, enabling FACS-based enrichment of desired clones. We provide the detailed ste.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagents
10 mM dNTP Mix	NEB	N0447S	PCR reactions (Tables 1, 3)
10X PBS, pH 7.4	Fisher	BP3994	Staining buffer base (Steps 3.2–3.3)
5X Q5 Reaction Buffer	NEB	B9027S	Sold separately; also included with Q5 polymerase
Agar, Bacto	BD Difco	281230-500g	SDCAA agar plates (Table 5); 15 g/L
Agarose (Low-EEO/Multi-Purpose/Molecular Biology Grade)	Fisher BioReagents	BP160-500	Gel Electrophoresis
Anti-FLAG PE Antibody	BioLegend	637309	FACS staining; PE-conjugated anti-FLAG
Anti-HA Tag Antibody [FITC]	GenScript	A01621	FACS staining; FITC-conjugated anti-HA
Bacto Casamino Acids	BD Difco	223120	SDCAA+, SGCAA+, SCAA media (Table 5); 5 g/L
Bacto Peptone / Tryptone	RPI	T60060-10000.0	LB/SOB media preparation; 20 g/L in YPD (Table 5)
BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin, Fraction V	Sigma-Aldrich	126575-10GM	0.5% in PBS; staining buffer (Steps 3.2–3.3)
BsmBI-v2 (200 U)	NEB	R0739S	Golden Gate assembly of substrate cassette (Table 8)
Calcium chloride solution (1M)	Sigma-Aldrich	21115-100mL	Electroporation buffer: 1 mM final (Table 5)
ColiRollers® Plating Beads	Sigma-Aldrich	71013-3	Sterilize by putting in reagent bottles and autoclaving at 121ºC, 15 psi, for 15 mins.
D-Galactose	Thermo Fisher	A12813.30	250 g; 20% w/v stock for SGCAA+ induction (Table 5)
D-Sorbitol	Thermo Fisher	1327300.10	Electroporation buffer (1 M) and outgrowth media (Table 5)
Dextrose (D-Glucose), anhydrous	Sigma-Aldrich	G8270-1KG	YPD, SDCAA+, 20% w/v dextrose stock (Table 5)
Difco Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids	Sigma	Y0626-250G	6.7 g/L in SDCAA/SGCAA (Table 5)
Difco YPD Broth (pre-mixed)	BD	242820-500g	Pre-made YPD alternative; 500 g
DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT)	Sigma-Aldrich	D0632-1G	Conditioning buffer: 10 mM final; aliquot 250 μL, store −20°C
E.Z.N.A. CyclePure PCR Purification Kit	Omega Bio-tek	D6492-02	PCR product cleanup
E.Z.N.A. Gel Extraction Kit	Omega Bio-tek	D2500-01	Gel purification post-PCR and restriction digest (Steps 1.1.8, 1.3.2)
E.Z.N.A. Plasmid DNA Mini Kit I	Omega Bio-tek	D6942-02	Plasmid purification (Step 4.2)
Glycerol (≥99%)	Fisher	BP229-4	50% v/v stock for glycerol stocks (Step 4.1.1)
Kanamycin Sulfate	Fisher	BP906-5	SDCAA+ and SGCAA+: 50 μg/mL final; replaces Sigma K0879-5G
KLD Enzyme Mix	NEB	M0554S	Kinase-Ligase-DpnI; site-directed mutagenesis
KLD Reaction Buffer	NEB	B0554A	Used with KLD Enzyme Mix
LB Broth (Lennox)	Sigma-Aldrich	L3022-1KG	E. coli liquid culture
Lithium Acetate Dihydrate (LiOAc·2H2O)	Thermo Fisher	A17921.30	Conditioning buffer: 0.1 M final; add before DTT (Table 5)
Luria Agar (Luria-Bertani Agar)	RPI	L24020-2000.0	E. coli plating; replaces Sigma LB Agar Lennox L2897-1KG
OmniPur Casamino Acids	Sigma	2240-500GM	Alternative casamino acids source
pDD1523	Zenodo	10.5281/zenodo. 20746804	pCTCon2-TRP-CEN/ARS-Gal10-SPAga2-BsaI; Gal1-Aga2-sfGFP
pDD1524	Zenodo	10.5281/zenodo. 20746804	pCTCon2-Aga2-6xHis-ENLYFQS-FLAG-ENLYFES-HA-ERS
Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 100X	Corning	30-002-CI	SDCAA+, SGCAA+: 1X final
PstI-HF (5000 U)	NEB	R3140S	Vector linearization (Table 10); use HF version
Q5 HF DNA Polymerase	NEB	M0492S	High-fidelity polymerase; alternative to Q5 Hot Start
Q5 High GC Enhancer	NEB	B9028A	For high GC-content PCR reactions
Q5 Hot Start DNA Polymerase	NEB	M0491L	PCR assembly and amplification (Tables 1, 3)
rCutSmart Buffer (10X)	NEB	B6004S	Supplied with PstI-HF and SphI-HF (Table 10)
SalI-HF	NEB	R3138L	Additional restriction enzyme
SOC Medium	NEB	B9020S	Post-transformation recovery
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Fisher	S271-1	LB / SOB media preparation
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)	Fisher	S318-500	Media pH adjustment
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic (Na2HPO4)	Sigma-Aldrich	S9763-500G	SDCAA plates, SCAA media: 38 mM (Table 5)
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, anhydrous	VWR (BDH)	BDH4542-1KGP	SDCAA plates, SCAA media: 62 mM; replaces NaH2PO4·H2O monohydrate
SphI-HF (1000 U)	NEB	R3182S	Vector linearization in tandem with PstI-HF (Table 10)
Streptomycin	Life Technologies / Sigma	S6501-5g	Antibiotic
T4 DNA Ligase Buffer (10X)	NEB	B0202S	Table 6
T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (500 U)	NEB	M0201S	Table 6
T7 DNA Ligase (3000 U/mL)	NEB	M0318S	Table 8
Yeast Extract	RPI	Y20020-5000.0	YPD (10 g/L) and LB/SOB media
Zymolyase (1000 U)	Zymo Research	E1004-A	Yeast cell wall digestion for plasmid extraction (Step 4.2.2)
Zymoprep Yeast Plasmid Miniprep II	Zymo Research	D2004	Yeast plasmid extraction; includes Solutions 1, 2, 3 (Step 4.2)
ZymoPURE II Plasmid Midi Kit	Zymo Research	D4201-B	Mid-scale plasmid prep; for larger-volume preparations
Equipment and Consumables
Disposable Cuvettes, 1.5 mL	Fisher	14-955-127	For measuring OD600 of liquid cultures
Erlenmeyer Flask, 125 mL	VWR	10536-912	Pre-culture and conditioning incubation
Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL	VWR	10536-914	Yeast subculture
Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL	VWR	75809-646	Wide-mouth variant
Erlenmeyer Flask, 500 mL	VWR	10536-926	Main pre-culture flask (Step 2.3.1, 2.4.3)
Falcon 50 mL Conical Tubes	Falcon	352070	Cell washes, centrifugation throughout protocol
Flow Cytometry Sorter: BD Fusion	BD Biosciences	FACSAria Fusion Flow Cytometer (catalog number not applicable)	For Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
Gene Pulser/MicroPulser Electroporation Cuvettes, 0.2 cm gap	Bio-Rad	1652086	For electroporation of electrocompetent EBY100
GenePulser Xcell Electroporation System	Bio-Rad	1652660	INSTRUMENT; 2.5 kV, 25 μF, 200 Ω (Step 2.7.6)
New Brunswick Innova 40R - Benchtop Orbital Shaker	Eppendorf	M12990084	For yeast liquid culture incubation
Petri Dishes, 100 mm	Fisher	FB0875712	YPD and SDCAA agar plates
SpectraMax QuickDrop UV-Vis Spectrophotometer	Molecular Devices	SpectraMax QuickDrop	For measuring OD600 of liquid cultures and DNA concentration
Vacufuge plus	Eppendorf	2231001204	For concentrating DNA
Software
BD FACSDiva (Version: 8.0)	BD Biosciences	https://www.bdbiosciences.com/en-us/products/software/instrument-software/bd-facsdiva-software	Collection of tools for flow cytometer and application setup, data acquisition, and data analysis
Benchling (Version: Web-based platform, continuous release)	Benchling, Inc.	https://www.benchling.com/	Sequence design software
SnapGene (Version: 8.0.1)	SnapGene, Inc.	https://www.snapgene.com/	Sequence design software