Neuromodulation involves the use of an energy source (e.g., electrical, magnetic, sound, or light) to modify the activity of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system. Neuromodulation tools are increasingly used by basic and clinical neuroscientists to probe the functions of neuronal circuits and to explore new treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Electric and magnetic-based neuromodulation tools like Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) are clinic-ready and have been FDA approved for several clinical conditions, while others that are sound or light-based are still being developed and are mostly used pre-clinically. The proposed methods collection includes a variety of articles that encompass the current state of the art in the neuromodulation field both at the clinical and pre-clinical levels. We will solicit contributions that focus on 1) clinical use of DBS, 2) clinical use of TMS, 3) clinical use of Magnetic Seizure Therapy, 4) pre-clinical use of TMS, 5) pre-clinical use of VNS, 6) pre-clinical use of neuromodulatory transcranial Focused UltraSound (tFU), and 7) pre-clinical use of optogenetics.