Organoids are self-organized cell aggregates that model the cellular compositions and organizations of corresponding tissues, and they have been widely employed to study tissue development and diseases. However, in contrast to tissues that are made up of multiple cell lineages, most conventional organoids are comprised of a single type of stem cells and their derivatives, lacking the complex compositions found in stem cell niches, such as blood vessels, stromal cells, nerves, and immune cells. Various approaches have been developed to recapitulate cell compositions and cell-cell communications in organoids, creating advanced models for basic research and clinical applications.

Through this Methods Collection, we invite researchers to submit articles regarding the generation and applications of complex organoids, such as vascularized organoids, organoid-immune cell co-cultures, innervated organoids, microbiome-containing organoids, and assembloids. These articles will significantly facilitate the adoption of next-generation organoid culturing techniques.