Sex Hormones
Sex Hormones - Related Videos
05:57
Sex Hormone Detection In Human Tear Film Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
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2026
This protocol describes an optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to detect and quantify 17β-estradiol and testosterone in human tear fluid collected via microcapillary tubes. This approach enables minimally invasive measurement of tear hormone levels.
09:36
Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
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Cited by 12 •
2023
This manuscript describes a consistent way to quickly perform survival rodent orchiectomies and ovariectomies.
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Types of Hormones
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2019
Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipophilic in nature. This allows them to readily traverse the lipid-rich cell membrane to bind to their intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Once bound, the cytoplasmic hormone-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus.
01:33
Hormonal Regulation
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2019
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
01:56
Plant Hormones
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2020
Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands. Instead, plant hormones are often produced in regions of active growth, like the tips of roots and shoots. Additionally, even very low concentrations of plant hormones can have a profound effect on growth and development processes.
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After entering the bloodstream, these messengers act by binding either intracellular receptors or receptors on the cell surface. That binding initiates changes in gene expression or other cellular activity, allowing a circulating signal to produce tissue-specific effects. This mechanism connects hormone levels with developmental, reproductive, and physiological outcomes.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis coordinates communication among the brain, pituitary gland, and reproductive organs. Feedback among these sites links hormone production to activity in the reproductive system, rather than treating secretion as an isolated event. In biology, this arrangement helps explain how hormone patterns are coordinated across development and reproductive function.
Their effects are not confined to the organs that produce them. Once released into the bloodstream, they can reach tissues that carry intracellular or cell-surface receptors, where they alter gene expression or cellular activity. Production by tissues outside the gonads may also contribute, helping explain why these hormones influence physiology across the lifespan.
A biology investigation can connect where hormones are produced, how the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis coordinates their release, how receptors respond, and which physiological processes change. Linking these levels moves analysis from hormone presence to mechanism and outcome. It supports interpretation of puberty, cycles, fertility, pregnancy, and hormone-related disorders within one regulatory framework.
These hormones are relevant whenever researchers need to understand or modify reproductive regulation. Their roles in reproductive cycles, fertility, and pregnancy provide a biological basis for contraception research, while altered hormone-related physiology can be examined in endocrine disease. The same framework can guide investigation of individualized treatments by connecting hormone signaling with a person’s biological response.
Studying these hormones helps connect changes at different life stages with coordinated biological regulation. In particular, their biology provides context for puberty, development of secondary sex characteristics, menstrual and reproductive cycles, fertility, and pregnancy. Considering these processes together shows how hormone signaling contributes to both developmental transitions and ongoing reproductive physiology.