Viral Budding
Viral Budding - Related Videos
00:49
The Tongue and Taste Buds
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2025
The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells. Gustatory receptor cells extend finger-like projections called gustatory hairs (or microvilli) into a region known as the taste pore.
08:48
Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast
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Cited by 5 •
2017
A strategy for generating mutations in histone genes at their endogenous location in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented.
15:02
Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast
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Cited by 1 •
2010
Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
01:55
Generation of Recombinant Viral Particles Using Embryonic Kidney Cells
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2026
Source: Vijayraghavan, S., Kantor, B. A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the procedure for generating recombinant viral particles by transfecting embryonic kidney cells with plasmids encoding viral proteins and a gene of interest.
01:20
Taste Buds and Receptors
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2024
Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
FAQs
Viral budding depends on coordinated assembly at a host-cell membrane rather than on membrane acquisition alone. Viral glycoproteins become positioned in that membrane, while structural proteins and the nucleocapsid assemble nearby. Their interactions promote local membrane curvature and ultimately scission, the separation event that frees the particle. Disruption at any coordinated stage could alter production of mature virions.
Membrane curvature and scission convert a membrane-associated assembly into a discrete viral particle. Curvature bends the host-cell membrane around the assembling virion, whereas scission completes separation from the cell. Together, these steps determine whether assembly progresses to release of a mature virion, making them important points for analyzing how replication produces particles capable of spreading.
The envelope does more than surround the virion. Because it contains viral glycoproteins and derives from a host-cell lipid membrane, it contributes to interactions with new target cells. The envelope can also influence host range, stability, and immune recognition. Consequently, budding is relevant not only to particle release but also to how infection may proceed after release.
An informative analysis follows the process as a linked series: localization of viral glycoproteins in a host-cell membrane, assembly of structural proteins and nucleocapsid, membrane curvature, scission, and release. Examining these stages separately helps distinguish defects in component assembly from defects in membrane separation, while confirming whether the outcome is a mature virion.
Interpretation requires attention to both viral and host-derived features. Researchers can examine the host-cell membrane, viral glycoproteins, structural proteins, nucleocapsid, and the resulting lipid envelope as connected elements. Considering these components together clarifies how assembly is organized and whether the released particle has reached the mature stage.
Viral budding provides a framework for connecting virus assembly with pathogenesis research. Because the process determines how mature virions leave infected cells and the envelope can affect host range, stability, and immune recognition, budding helps investigators study viral behavior. Its component interactions also identify potential targets for antiviral therapies aimed at disrupting productive release.