Microstructure Evolution
Microstructure Evolution - Related Videos
12:02
Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Cited by 4 •
2008
Here we report the generation of Tre recombinase through directed, molecular evolution. Tre recombinase recognizes a pre-defined target sequence within the LTR sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, resulting in the excision and eradication of the provirus from infected human cells. While still in its infancy, directed molecular evolution will allow the creation of custom enzymes that will serve as tools of molecular surgery and molecular medicine.
09:23
Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures
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Cited by 7 •
2012
We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.
02:31
Synteny and Evolution
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2021
John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
02:55
The Evidence for Evolution
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2026
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.The collection of fossils within sedimentary rocks give a record of common ancestry and often depicts the history of evolution.
01:24
Eukaryotic Evolution
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2023
The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria. Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
FAQs
Thermodynamics establishes which structural states are favorable, while kinetics determines how quickly the material can approach them. Atomic diffusion, interface movement, and dislocation motion govern the rate at which grains, phases, defects, and interfaces change. Consequently, two materials exposed to similar driving forces can develop different structures when their processing time, temperature history, or deformation conditions differ.
Each condition changes the pathways available for structural rearrangement. Heating can promote atomic diffusion and transformations, cooling can alter the sequence and extent of phase changes, and deformation can affect dislocation movement and recrystallization. Chemical exposure may modify phases or interfaces. The resulting structure therefore reflects both the type of stimulus and the duration of exposure.
These mechanisms modify different aspects of a material's internal structure. Grain growth changes the grain arrangement, phase transformation changes the phases present, recrystallization changes the structure after deformation, and dislocation movement changes defect configurations. They may occur during the same processing cycle, but their relative contributions determine which properties are most strongly altered.
Engineers first relate the intended material properties to a target combination of grains, phases, defects, and interfaces. They then select processing conditions such as heating, cooling, deformation, or chemical exposure and evaluate how the structure changes over time. Predictive analysis helps refine those conditions, supporting repeatable manufacturing and more reliable component performance.
The concept is central to heat treatment, welding, additive manufacturing, and mechanical processing because each can impose different thermal, mechanical, or chemical histories. Tracking structural changes helps engineers optimize manufacturing conditions rather than treating processing as separate from material performance. This approach supports components designed for particular combinations of strength, ductility, toughness, conductivity, or corrosion resistance.
Microstructural changes provide a basis for anticipating how a material will perform during use. Engineers can connect evolving grains, phases, defects, and interfaces with properties such as strength, ductility, toughness, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. This information supports materials design, manufacturing optimization, and assessment of reliable performance and service life in engineered components.