Seed Particles
Seed Particles - Related Videos
02:33
Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte
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2020
Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo. The embryo contains a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Fertilization of the haploid egg by the haploid sperm gives rise to the zygote, which develops into the embryo. The endosperm is a...
03:37
Subatomic Particles
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2020
Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom. The Discovery of the Electron The first clue about the subatomic structure came at the end of the 19th century when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using a cathode ray tube. This apparatus consisted of a sealed glass...
08:52
A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Cited by 21 •
2013
We present the procedure to assemble a seed coat bedding assay (SCBA) from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. The SCBA was shown to be a powerful tool to explore genetically and in vitro how the endosperm controls seed germination in dormant seeds and in response to light cues. The SCBA is in principle applicable under any situation where the endosperm is suspected to influence embryonic growth.
03:42
Introduction to Seed Plants
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2026
Most plants are seed plants—characterized by seeds, pollen, and reduced gametophytes. Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms—cycads, ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers—typically form cones. The pollen cones contain male gametophytes. The ovulate cones contain female gametophytes and form exposed seeds when fertilized. Angiosperms, the most diverse and ubiquitous group of land plants, form flowers, and fruit. Like the cones of gymnosperms, the flowers and fruit of...
16:31
Echo Particle Image Velocimetry
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Cited by 10 •
2012
An echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) system capable of acquiring two-dimensional fields of velocity in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries is described, and validation measurements in pipe flow are reported.
FAQs
Their role depends on the phase change taking place in the atmosphere. Cloud condensation nuclei provide surfaces where water vapor can deposit and droplets can grow, while ice-nucleating particles support the formation of ice crystals when temperature and humidity are suitable. This distinction helps researchers interpret whether particle populations are contributing primarily to liquid-cloud development, ice formation, or both.
A particle cannot promote droplet or ice formation under every atmospheric condition. Water vapor must deposit onto a suitable surface, and the surrounding temperature and humidity must allow droplets or ice crystals to develop. Consequently, the same airborne particles may have different effects as atmospheric conditions change, which makes these variables essential when evaluating cloud development and precipitation.
By participating in droplet formation and other atmospheric processes, seed particles can alter the physical state and distribution of material suspended in air. These interactions may affect visibility and the movement of atmospheric pollutants, linking small-particle behavior to environmental conditions observed over larger areas. Studying those connections helps clarify how aerosol-related processes influence atmospheric change.
Cloud-seeding evaluation must account for whether the atmosphere provides suitable temperature and humidity conditions for droplets or ice crystals to form. It also requires examining whether available particles can support the intended cloud process. These constraints matter because introducing or assessing seed particles is relevant only when the surrounding cloud environment allows the targeted physical change to occur.
Researchers examine how airborne particles participate in cloud development, including water-vapor deposition, droplet growth, and ice-crystal formation. They then relate those processes to outcomes such as precipitation, visibility, and pollutant movement. This approach provides environmental context for understanding how changes in atmospheric particle populations may influence clouds and the conditions associated with them.
Observations of seed-particle activity can connect atmospheric particle behavior with changes in cloud development, rainfall or snowfall, visibility, and pollutant transport. In environmental research, these relationships help assess how atmospheric conditions are changing. In cloud-seeding studies, they provide a basis for evaluating whether suitable particles and conditions are associated with encouraged precipitation.