Thiol-reactive Particles
Thiol-reactive Particles - Related Videos
08:47
Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
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Cited by 8 •
2019
In this protocol, we will describe the synthesis of PODS, a phenyoxadiazolyl methyl sulfone-based reagent for the site-selective attachment of cargos to the thiols of biomolecules, particularly antibodies. In addition, we will describe the synthesis and characterization of a PODS-bearing bifunctional chelator and its conjugation to a model antibody.
03:51
Fluorescent Functionalization of Virus-Like Particles via Disulfide Re-bridging
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2026
Source: Chen, Z., et al. Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the fluorescent functionalization of virus-like particles by re-bridging reduced disulfides with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker, producing stable, trackable conjugates suitable for cellular imaging and targeted delivery in biomedical applications.
02:33
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols
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2023
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol. This reaction fails because the thiol product can undergo a second nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of an excess alkyl halide to generate a sulfide as a by-product. This limitation can be overcome by using thiourea as the nucleophile. The reaction first produces an alkyl...
12:07
Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry
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Cited by 50 •
2012
Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.
11:17
Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Cited by 107 •
2016
A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.
FAQs
Reactivity depends strongly on whether cysteine sulfur is present as a thiolate, the more nucleophilic form that attacks an electrophilic surface site. pH influences this chemical state, while the surrounding chemical environment can alter reaction behavior. Consequently, selecting conditions is essential for promoting covalent attachment to the intended thiol-containing molecule without unnecessarily increasing modification of other biological proteins.
A reactive group can form a covalent bond only when the relevant thiol is sufficiently accessible to the particle surface. Steric limitations and the local chemical environment can therefore affect how efficiently cysteine-containing molecules attach. Controlling surface presentation helps researchers regulate particle-biomolecule interactions and reduces the likelihood that inaccessible or unintended protein sites will be modified.
These design variables determine how the particles present reactive groups and interact with biomolecules. Surface chemistry directly affects covalent attachment and protein adsorption, while composition and size can be tuned alongside it when studying cellular uptake. Adjusting the variables together allows researchers to investigate how particle design influences biological interactions rather than treating reactivity as an isolated property.
Researchers tune particle composition, size, and surface chemistry to control how reactive groups interact with thiol-containing peptides. The peptide provides the sulfur-containing attachment site, while the particle surface supplies the electrophilic partner for covalent bonding. This design approach can create particles for studying biomolecule attachment and for examining how the resulting surface properties influence cellular uptake.
They support several medical research applications, including drug delivery, diagnostic biosensors, and biomaterials. In each setting, covalent attachment and controlled protein adsorption can help researchers investigate or regulate interactions between engineered particles and biological molecules. Their usefulness depends on matching particle composition and surface reactivity to the intended biological context while limiting unintended protein modification.
Researchers can evaluate whether surface modification changes protein adsorption, cellular uptake, or interactions with attached biomolecules. These outcomes connect chemical reactivity with biological behavior: covalent attachment may alter how a particle presents peptides, while surface chemistry can influence protein binding. Studying both effects helps relate particle design to performance in delivery, sensing, or biomaterial research.