Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

- [Eğitici] Azot döngüsü, ekosistemdeki azot atomlarının biyotik ve abiyotik bileşenler arasındaki hareketini içerir.
 Ekosistemdeki azotunun çoğu atmosferde gaz, yani N2 olarak depolanır.
 Ancak, yalnızca bakteriler azot gazını diğer organizmalar tarafından kullanılabilir bir forma dönüştürmek (azon fiksasyonu) için gerekli enzimlere sahiptir.
Bu nedenle azot ekosistemde çok az bulunan bir besindir.
 Topraktaki bakteriler gazı amonyağa dönüştürdükten sonra, bitkiler azotu proteine, DNA'ya ve herbivorlar tarafından tüketilen ve amino asitlere parçalanan diğer organik moleküllere dönüştürebilir.
 Bunlar, büyüme ve gelişme ve tüketicilerin beslenmesi için kullanılabilir proteinler halinde yeniden birleştirilebilir.
Aynı zamanda, otçular ve tüketiciler bir miktar azotu atık ürünler olarak toprağa geri döndürür.
 Hem ölü organizmalar hem de atık ürünler, protein, üre ve ürik asit formunda azot içerir.
 Bakteri ve mantar gibi ayrıştırıcı maddeler bu molekülleri parçalayarak toprağa amonyak salar, amonyak da bitkiler tarafından absorbe edilerek azotlayıcı bakteriler tarafından nitratlara dönüştürülebilir.
Bu nitratlar ayrıca bitkiler tarafından absorbe edilebilir veya oksijenin yokluğunda azot giderici bakteriler tarafından azot gazına dönüştürülebilirler.
 İnsanlar ayrıca tarımsal gübre kullanımıyla ekosisteme azot verirler.
 Bununla birlikte, yanlış zamanda veya büyük miktarlarda kullanıldığında, fazla azot, akuatik ekosistemlere akabilir ve ötrofikasyon adı verilen süreçte bakteri, yosun ve su bitkilerinin büyümesini artırabilir.

Ramakrishnan VV, Ghaly AE. "Ekosistemde Azot Kaynakları ve Döngü ve Hava, Su ve Toprak Kirliliğindeki Rolü: Eleştirel Bir İnceleme." Kirlilik Etkileri ve Kontrolü Dergisi 03, no. 02 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000136" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

azot döngüsü

Tüm proteinlerde ve DNA'da bulunan azot atomları, ekosistemin abiyotik ve biyotik bileşenleri arasında geri dönüştürülür. Bununla birlikte, yeryüzündeki birincil azot formu, çoğu hayvan ve bitki tarafından kullanılamayan azot gazıdır. Bu nedenle, azot gazı, diğer canlı organizmalardan geçmeden önce azot sabitleyen bakteriler tarafından kullanılabilir bir forma dönüştürülmelidir. İnsan tarımında azot içeren gübrelerin ve hayvansal atık ürünlerin kullanılması, doğal azot döngüsünü büyük ölçüde etkilemektedir.

<h4>Biyolojik Azot Döngüsü</h4>

Soluduğumuz havanın yaklaşık %78'i azot gazıdır. Bununla birlikte, çok az organizma onu bu formda, N2, kullanabilir. Azot, proteinler ve DNA gibi tüm organizmalarda temel molekülleri oluşturmaktadır. Atmosferik azot formunu kullanamayan çoğu organizma, azot sabitleme ve nitrifikasyon prokaryotlarının yan ürünlerini kullanır. Azot fiksasyonu nitrojen gazını (N2) amonyağa (NH3) dönüştürürken nitrifikasyon NH3'u nitritlere (NO2-) ve nitratlara (NO3-) dönüştürür. Bitkiler doğrudan amonyak ve nitratları kullanabilirler ve bitki yiyen organizmalar bitkileri sindirerek azot elde edebilirler. Bu organizmalar öldüğünde, topraktaki bakteriler organik azotu amonifikasyon adı verilen bir işlemle amonyağa dönüştürebilir. Denitrifikasyon yoluyla aerobik bakteriler, amonyağı atmosfere geri salınan azot gazına dönüştürebilir ve döngüyü tamamlayabilirler.

<h4>Azot Yutağı</h4>

Azotun uzun süreli depolanması için birincil rezervuar, atmosferdeki azot gazıdır. Bununla birlikte, ekosistemde başka, daha küçük azot yutakları da vardır. Azot, bataklıklarda, deniz sedimanlarında ve tortul kayalarda nispeten uzun süre bağlı kalabilirler. Bununla birlikte, azot bileşikleri suda çözünürlüğü fazla olduğundan, tortul kayaların ayrışması azotu ekosisteme geri salabilir.

<h4>Azot Döngüsü Üzerindeki İnsan Etkileri</h4>

Azot genellikle doğal ortamlarda bitki büyümesi için sınırlayıcı bir faktör olduğundan, çiftçiler tarımsal verimi artırmak için gübre olarak toprağa azot ekler. Sucul ekosistemlere tarımsal akış, ötrofikasyona ve toksik alg türlerinin doğal olmayan bir şekilde hızlı büyümesine neden olabilir. Çok sayıda çiftlik hayvanı yetiştirmek, topraktaki ve yerel su kaynaklarındaki nitrik atık miktarını da artırabilir.

Azot Döngüsü

Tüm proteinlerde ve DNA'da bulunan azot atomları, ekosistemin abiyotik ve biyotik bileşenleri arasında geri dönüştürülür. Ancak, birincil şekli ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

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what are biogeochemical cycles?

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the water cycle

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the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

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the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

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Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

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bioremediation

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Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things | JoVE K12

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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LS.Bio.4.2

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Ecological Succession

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LS.Bio.5.1

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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