Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

- (Eğitmen) Fosfor atomları, fosfor döngüsünde, temel olarak gaz halde değil kayaların içinde bulunur.
 Kayalar erozyona uğradığında fosfor ortaya çıkar ve ırmak, göl veya yeraltı sularında çözünür.
 Bitkiler ve yosunlar, toprak veya sudaki bu inorganik fosfatı kullanır ve organik moleküller üretir.
Heterotroflar daha sonra bu bitkileri yiyerek kendi bileşenlerini üretmek için bu fosforu kullanır.
 Organizmalar öldüğünde, çözücüler fosfor moleküllerini ayrıştırır ve inorganik fosfatı tekrar bitkiler ve yosunlar tarafından kullanılması için salıverir.
 Buna fosfat mineralizasyonu adı verilir.
Fosfat, beslenme zincirinde hızlı bir döngü gerçekleştirse de su içerisinde daha uzun bir dayanma süreci vardır.
 Çözünmüş fosfat iyonları, okyanusa yağan ve daha sonra tortu olup çürüyen çözünmez bileşenler oluşturmak için reaksiyona girer.
 Tektonik kaldırma neticesinde de tekrar doğaya dönüş yapar.
Fakat, dünyadaki fosfat miktarı sınırlı olduğundan yüksek miktarda ürün alabilmek için zirai ürünlere gübre olarak ekstradan fosfat verilmesi gerekir.
 Fazlalık olan fosfat su ekosistemlerine karışır ve bu da daha sonra yosun patlaması gibi değişik çevresel problemlere yol açar.

Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton ve Benjamin J. W. Mills. "Okyanus Deoksijenasyonu, Küresel Fosfor Döngüsü ve İnsan Kaynaklı Büyük Ölçekli Okyanus Anoksisi Olasılığı." Felsefi İşlemler. Seri A, Matematik, Fizik ve Mühendislik Bilimleri 375, no. 2102 (13 Eylül 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

White, Angelicque ve Sonya Dyhrman. "Deniz Fosfor Döngüsü." Mikrobiyolojide Sınırlar 4 (21 Mayıs 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

fosfor döngüsü

Karbon, su ve azottan farklı olarak, fosfor atmosferde gaz olarak bulunmaz. Bunun yerine ekosistemdeki fosforların çoğu, toprak, su, tortu ve kayalarda bulunan fosfat iyonları (PO43-) gibi bileşikler halinde bulunur. Fosfor genellikle sınırlayıcı bir besindir (yani, az miktarda tedarik edilir). Sonuç olarak, çoğu tarımsal gübreye fosfor eklenir ve bu da fosforun su ekosistemlerine akmasıyla çevresel sorunlara neden olabilir.

<h4>Biyolojik Fosfor Döngüsü</h4>

Fosfor, DNA, hücre zarı, kemik ve dişler gibi birçok önemli biyolojik yapıda bulunur. Atmosferde gaz halinde bulunmaz, ancak mineral, tortu, volkanik kül ve aerosollerde bulunur. Kayalar ve tortular zamanla hava şartlarına bağlı olarak, yavaş yavaş toprağa ve yüzeydeki suya ulaşan inorganik fosfat bırakırlar. Bitkiler bu fosfatları emer ve organik moleküllerle birleştirir. Hayvanlar, bitkileri ve diğer hayvanları tüketerek fosfat elde eder ve organik bileşiklerine dahil ederler. Bitkiler ve hayvanlar öldüğünde veya atıklarını boşalttığında, organik fosfatlar toprağa geri döner ve fosfat mineralizasyonu adı verilen bir süreçte bakteriler tarafından parçalanır ve bitkiler tarafından tekrar kullanılabilecek inorganik formlara dönüştürülür.

<h4>Jeokimyasal Fosfor Döngüsü</h4>

Doğal akış, fosfatları suda yaşayan organizmalar tarafından alınabilecekleri nehirlere, göllere ve okyanusa taşıyabilir. Sudaki organizmalar öldüğünde veya atıklarını boşalttığında, fosfor içeren bileşikler okyanus tabanına batabilir ve sonunda tortul tabakalar oluşturabilir. Binlerce yıl boyunca jeolojik yükselme, fosfor içeren kayaları okyanustan karaya döndürebilir.

<h4>Fosfor Döngüsü Üzerindeki İnsan Etkileri</h4>

Azot gibi, fosfor da doğal ortamlarda bitki büyümesinde sınırlayıcı bir faktördür ve mahsul verimini artırmak için gübrelere fosfor eklenmesi gibi tarımsal uygulamalara yol açmıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu uygulamadan kaynaklanan tarımsal akış, sucul üreticilerinin hızlı büyümesini teşvik ederek çeşitli çevresel sorunlara neden olabilir.

Fosfor Döngüsü

Karbon, su ve azotun aksine, fosfor atmosferde gaz olarak bulunmaz. Bunun yerine, ekosistemdeki fosforun çoğu bileşik olarak bulunur, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

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Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

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Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

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Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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Distribution and Dispersion

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Ecological Succession

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Keystone Species

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

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Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.5.1

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Engage in argument from evidence to evaluate various solutions to reduce the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem health.

LS.Bio.5.2

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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