Name: dalton’s laws and early atomic ideas
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 59 s
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

The Atomic Theory of Matter

Demokritos gibi ilk Yunanlılar ilk olarak maddenin bölünmez en küçük birimi olan atomos fikrini geliştirdiler. Bu kavram daha sonra İngiliz bilim adamı John Dalton tarafından Atom Teorisi olarak ortaya atıldı. Dalton'un atom teorisinin ilk varsayımı, elementlerin atom adı verilen küçük bölünemez parçacıklardan oluştuğunu öne sürer.Örneğin, hidrojen, birbirine bağlanmış iki hidrojen atomundan oluşur ve oksijen, birbirine bağlanmış iki oksijen atomundan oluşur. İkinci varsayım, aynı elementin atomlarının aynı olmasına rağmen, diğer elementlerin atomlarından farklı oldukları üzerinedir. Bu nedenle, tüm hidrojen atomları birbiriyle aynıdır, ancak oksijen atomlarından farklıdır.Üçüncü varsayım, farklı elementlerin atomlarının bileşikler oluşturmak için basit tam sayı oranlarında birbirleriyle birleşebileceğini belirtir. Örneğin, iki hidrojen atomu ve bir oksijen atomu, H2O yani su oluşturmak için ikiye bir oranında birleşir. Dalton teorisinin son varsayımı, kimyasal reaksiyonların bir elementin atomlarını farklı bir elementin atomlarına dönüştürmediğini, bunun yerine mevcut atomların yeni maddeler oluşturmak için yeniden düzenlendiği söyler.Suyun oluşumu sırasında, mevcut hidrojen ve oksijen atomları ne yaratılır ne de yok edilir, sadece yeniden düzenlenirler. Dalton atom teorisini önceki iki kimyasal reaksiyon kanunu üzerine kurdu;kütlenin korunumu kanunu ve sabit oranlar kanunu. Kütlenin korunumu kanunu, bir kimyasal reaksiyondan önceki ve sonraki toplam kütlenin sabit kaldığını belirtir.Yani 18 gram su, 2 gram hidrojen ve 16 gram oksijene ayrışır. Sabit oranlar yasası, belirli bir kimyasal bileşikte kaynaktan bağımsız olarak, kurucu elementlerin kütle oranının her zaman sabit kaldığını belirtir. Bu nedenle, saf su numunesi, suyun toplam kütlesine bakılmaksızın her zaman 1 bölü 8 oranında hidrojen bölü oksijen kütle oranına sahip olacaktır.Dalton daha sonra kendi teorisine dayanarak katlı oranlar kanununu önerdi. Bu kanuna göre, iki element birden fazla bileşik oluşturmak üzere birleştiğinde, bir elementin farklı kütleleri diğer elementin sabit kütlesi ile küçük bir tamsayı oranında birleşir. Böylece, 2 g sabit bir hidrojen kütlesi, iki farklı bileşik hidrojen peroksit ve su oluşturmak için, 2'ye 1'lik küçük bir tam sayı oranında 32 veya 16 gramlık farklı oksijen kütleleri ile birleşir.

maddenin atom teorisi

Maddenin temel yapısının en erken kaydedilen tartışması Eski Yunan filozoflarından gelmektedir. Leucippus ve Democritus, tüm maddelerin "bölünmez" anlamına gelen atomlar olarak adlandırdıkları küçük, sonlu parçacıklardan oluştuğunu savunmuştur. Daha sonra Aristoteles ve diğerleri, maddenin dört "elementin" (ateş, toprak, hava ve su) çeşitli kombinasyonlarından oluştuğu ve sonsuz olarak bölünebileceği sonucuna varmıştır. İlginç bir şekilde, bu filozoflar atomları ve "elementleri" felsefi kavramlar olarak düşündüler, ancak görünüşe göre fikirlerini test etmek için deneyler yapmayı hiç düşünmediler.
 
 Aristoteles'in maddenin bileşimine bakış açısı, İngiliz bilim adamı John Dalton, maddenin davranışının atom teorisi ile açıklanabileceği hipotezi ile kimyada devrim yaratana kadar iki bin yıldan fazla bir süre devam etti. İlk olarak 1807'de yayınlanan Dalton'un maddenin mikroskobik özellikleri hakkındaki hipotezlerinin çoğu modern atom teorisinde hala geçerlidir.
 
 Dalton'un atom teorisinden bazı görüşler şunlardır:
 
 <ol>
 <li>Madde, atom adı verilen son derece küçük parçacıklardan oluşur. Bir atom, kimyasal bir değişime katılabilecek bir elementin en küçük birimidir.</li>
 <li>Bir element, elementin karakteristiği olan ve bu elementin tüm atomları için aynı kütleye sahip olan sadece bir atom türünden oluşur. Bir elementin makroskopik bir örneği, hepsi aynı kimyasal özelliklere sahip olan inanılmaz sayıda atom içerir.</li>
 <li>Bir elementin atomları, diğer tüm elementlerin atomlarından farklı özelliklere sahiptir.</li>
 <li>Bir bileşik, küçük, tam sayı oranında birleştirilen iki veya daha fazla elementin atomlarından oluşur. Belirli bir bileşikte, elemanlarının her birinin atomlarının sayısı her zaman aynı oranda bulunur.</li>
 <li>Atomlar kimyasal bir değişim sırasında ne yaratılır ne de yok edilir, bunun yerine değişimden önce mevcut olanlardan farklı maddeler elde etmek için yeniden düzenlenirler.</li>
 </ol>
 
 Dalton, teorisinin temeli olarak üç kimyasal reaksiyon yasası kullandı: (1) kütlenin Korunumu Yasası, (2) Belirli Oranlar Yasası ve (3) Çoklu Oranlar Yasası. Dalton'un atom teorisi, maddenin birçok makroskopik özelliğinin mikroskobik bir açıklamasını sağlamıştır.
 
 Kütlenin korunumu yasası Fransız kimyacı, Antoine Lavoisier tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Bu yasa bir kimyasal değişim sırasında atomların yaratılmadığını ya da yok edilmediğini; değişimden önceki toplam madde kütlesi ile değişimden sonraki kütlenin aynı kaldıdığını söyler.
 
 Dalton ayrıca, saf bir bileşiğin tüm örneklerinin kütle ile aynı oranda aynı elementleri içerdiğini gösteren Fransız kimyager Joseph Proust'un deneylerini de biliyordu. Bu söylem aynı zamanda belirli oranlar yasası ya da sabit kompozisyon yasası olarak bilinir.
 
 Dalton ayrıca Proust'tan gelen verileri ve kendi deneylerinden elde edilen sonuçları başka ilginç bir yasa formüle etmek için kullanmıştır.Çoklu oranlar yasası iki element birden fazla bileşik oluşturmak üzere reaksiyona girdiğinde, bir elementin sabit bir kütlesinin diğer elementlerin kütleleriyle küçük, tam sayılar oranında reaksiyona gireceğini belirtir.
 
 Dalton'un teorisi, atomun atom altı parçacıklardan oluştuğunu ve aynı elementin atomlarının izotoplar olarak bilinen kütle bakımından farklı olabileceğini göstermek için daha sonra genişletilen bir çerçeve sağlamıştır.
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır: <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-1-early-ideas-in-atomic-theory"">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 2.1: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory.</a>

Maddenin Atom Teorisi

Maddenin temel yapısına ilişkin kaydedilen en eski tartışma, eski Yunan filozoflarından gelir. Leucippus ve Democritus, tüm maddelerin ...

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dalton’s laws and early atomic ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab.

The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and water. They also believed matter could be divided forever, and these ideas were treated as philosophy rather than experiments.

That view lasted for more than two thousand years. Then English scientist John Dalton changed chemistry with an atomic theory of matter. He first published it in 1807. Many of his ideas still fit modern atomic theory.

Dalton’s postulates describe matter at the atomic level. Matter is made of extremely small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can take part in a chemical change. An element contains only one type of atom, and atoms of the same element have the same characteristic mass and chemical properties. Atoms of different elements have different properties. A compound is made of atoms of two or more elements joined in a small, whole-number ratio, and the ratio stays the same in a given compound. During a chemical change, atoms are not created or destroyed. They are rearranged into new substances.

Dalton built his theory using three key laws of chemistry. The law of conservation of mass says mass stays constant during a chemical change, a result linked to Antoine Lavoisier. The law of definite proportions, also called the law of constant composition, says every pure sample of a compound contains the same elements in the same mass ratio, as shown by Joseph Proust. Dalton also used the law of multiple proportions, which says that when two elements form more than one compound, fixed masses of one element combine with the other in small whole-number ratios.

Dalton’s atomic theory gives a microscopic explanation for macroscopic matter. It also helped later scientists show that atoms contain subatomic particles. Later work also showed that atoms of the same element can differ in mass, which are called isotopes.

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

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Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

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key terms and concepts

Explore Dalton’s atomic theory, the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions, plus the early ideas that shaped modern chemistry.

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Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

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