Name: reading chemical equations and balancing them
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:26.000Z
Duration: 3 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.2

Chemical Equations

Kimyasal reaksiyonlar, bir veya daha fazla maddenin kimyasal olarak farklı malzemelere dönüşümünü içerir. Bir reaksiyon geleneksel olarak, ilgili atomları, molekülleri veya bileşikleri temsil etmek için kimyasal formülleri kullanan bir kimyasal denklem kullanılarak temsil edilir. Bir reaksiyonun başlangıcında bulunan ve işlem sırasında tüketilen maddelere reaktanlar denir.Reaktanlar denklemin sol tarafında belirtilir. Reaksiyon sırasında oluşan maddelere ürün adı verilir ve denklemin sağ tarafında belirtilir. Reaktanları ve ürünleri ayıran bir ok, reaksiyonun yönünü gösterir.Maddenin farklı durumları, parantez içinde kısaltmalar kullanılarak gösterilir. Kimyasal bir reaksiyonda, katılan tüm elementlerin toplam kütlelerinin korunduğu kütlenin korunumu yasası geçerlidir. Bu nedenle, her bir elementin kümülatif atom sayısı hem reaktanlarda hem de ürünlerde eşleşecektir.Kimyasal denklemler, reaksiyona dahil olan gerçek atom sayısını yansıtmak için sayısal katsayılar kullanılarak dengelenir. Herhangi bir kimyasal denklemi dengelerken bir bileşiğin kimliğini tanımlayan sayısal alt simgeleri değil, yalnızca sayısal katsayıları değiştirmek önemlidir. Genel yönergeler, bir kimyasal denklemin etkili bir şekilde gösterilmesine ve uyarlanmasına yardımcı olur.Örneğin, sıvı benzoik asidin yanarak gaz halinde karbon dioksit ve su oluşturması, başlangıçta bir iskelet kimyasal denklem kullanılarak temsil edilir. Daha sonra atomlar, önce bileşikler içindekiler ve ardından serbest element atomları ayarlanarak dengelenir. Karbondioksit ve su formüllerinden önce yedi ve üç katsayılarının dahil edilmesi, karbon ve hidrojen atomlarını dengeler.On beşe ikilik kesirli bir katsayı oksijen atomlarını dengeler. Kesirli katsayılar, denklemin tamamının payda ile çarpılmasıyla tam sayılara dönüştürülür. Dengeli bir denklemde her elementin toplam atom sayısı her iki tarafta da eşittir.İyonik bileşikleri içeren reaksiyonları temsil eden kimyasal denklemlerde, önce katyonlar, ardından anyonlar dengelenir. Çok atomlu iyonlar her zaman bir birim olarak dengelenir. Örneğin sulu alüminyum sülfat, sulu kalsiyum hidroksit ile reaksiyona girerek katı alüminyum hidroksit ve katı kalsiyum sülfat oluşturur.Bir iskelet denklemi kullanılarak, alüminyum ve kalsiyum katyonları, ardından ise çok atomlu hidroksit ve sülfat iyonlarının anyonları dengelenir. Son olarak, genel dengeli bir denklem elde etmek için katsayılar ayarlanır.

kimyasal denklemler

Kimyasal denklemler, kimyasal reaksiyonda yer alan maddelerin kimliklerini ve nispi miktarlarını temsil eder. Reaksiyona giren maddelere reaktan denir ve formülleri denklemin sol tarafına yerleştirilir. Reaksiyon tarafından üretilen maddelere ürünler denir ve formülleri denklemin sağ tarafına yerleştirilir. Artı işaretleri (+) ayrı reaktan ve ürün formüllerini ayırmak içi kullanılırken, reaktan ve ürünler yani denklemin tarafları (sağ ve sol) bir ok (→) ile birbirinden ayrılır. Reaktan ve ürün türlerinin nispi sayıları, her formülün hemen soluna yerleştirilen sayısal katsayılarla temsil edilir. 1 katsayısı genellikle gösterilmez. Genelde mümkün olan en küçük tam sayı katsayıları kimyasal denklemde kullanılır ve oranlar olarak yorumlanır. Örneğin, metan ve oksijen, 1:2:1:2 oranında karbondioksit ve su elde etmek için reaksiyona girer.
 
 <img alt=""Eq1"" src=""https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/1019/1019_Equations-01.png"" style=""height: 40px;"" />
 
 Oran, mümkün olan en küçük metan, oksijen, karbondioksit ve su katsayılarının sırasıyla 1, 2, 1 ve 2 olduğunu gösterir. Katsayılar, herhangi bir miktar (sayı) birimi ile ilgili olarak yorumlanabilir ve bu nedenle bu denklem, aşağıdakiler de dahil olmak üzere birçok şekilde doğru bir şekilde okunabilir:
 
 i. Bir metan molekülü ve iki oksijen molekülü, bir karbondioksit molekülü ve iki su molekülü elde etmek için reaksiyona girer.
 
 ii. Bir mol metan molekülü ve 2 mol oksijen molekülü, 1 mol karbondioksit molekülü ve 2 mol su molekülü elde etmek için reaksiyona girer.
 
 Kimyasal denklemlerdeki reaktanların ve ürünlerin fiziksel durumları genellikle formülleri takip eden parantezli bir kısaltma ile gösterilir. Standart kısaltmalar arasında katılar için "s", sıvılar için "l", gazlar için "g" ve suda çözünen maddeler için "aq" bulunur.
 
 <h4>Denge denklemleri</h4>
 
 Dengeli bir denklemde, reaksiyonda yer alan her bir element için atom sayısı, reaktan ve ürün taraflarında aynıdır, böylece maddenin korunumu yasası karşılanır. Dengeli bir denklem, okun her iki tarafındaki atom sayısını ekleyerek ve eşit olduklarından emin olmak için bu toplamları karşılaştırarak doğrulanabilir. Belirli bir element için atom sayısının, bu elementi içeren herhangi bir formülün katsayısının, elementin formüldeki alt simgesiyle çarpılmasıyla hesaplandığını unutmayın. Bir element denklemin belirli bir tarafında birden fazla formülde görünürse, her birinde temsil edilen atomların sayısı hesaplanmalı ve daha sonra bunlar toplanmalıdır.
 
 Denklemi dengelemek için, denklemin katsayıları gerektiği gibi değiştirilebilir. Kimyasal bir denklemi dengeleme sürecinde ara katsayılar olarak tamsayılar yerine kesirler kullanmak bazen uygundur. Denge sağlandığında, denklemin tüm katsayıları daha sonra kesirli katsayıları atom dengesini bozmadan tamsayılara dönüştürmek için bir tam sayı ile çarpılabilir.
 
 Örneğin, etanın (C2H6) oksijen ile reaksiyonu su ve karbondioksit oluşturur ve bu reaksiyon aşağıdaki dengesiz denklemle temsil edilebililir:
 
 <img alt=""Eq2"" src=""https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/1019/1019_Equations-02.png"" style=""height: 40px;"" />
 
 Dengesiz denklem şunları içerir: 
 
 <table style=""margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"">
 <tbody style=""border: 1px solid black;"">
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Atoms</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Reaktan</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Ürün</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Dengeli mi?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">C</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">2</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">1</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">No</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">H</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">6</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">2</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">No</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">O</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">2</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">3</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">No</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
 Karbon atomlarının ve hidrojen atomlarının sayısını dengelemek için, CO2'yi 2 ile ve H2O'yu 3 ile çarpalım. Bu işlem, ürün üzerindeki toplam oksijen atomu sayısını 7 olarak değiştirir. Oksijen atomlarının sayısını dengelemek için, oksijeni 7/2 fraksiyonel katsayısı ile çarpın. Reaktanların ve ürünlerin katsayılarını değiştirerek karbon, hidrojen ve oksijen atomlarının bu ilk dengelenmesi, geçici olarak dengeli bir denklem oluşturacaktır: 
 
 <img alt=""Eq3"" src=""https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/1019/1019_Equations-03.png"" style=""height: 40px;"" />
 
 Sadece tamsayı katsayılı geleneksel dengeli bir denklem, denklemi oluşturmak için her bir katsayının 2 ile çarpılmasıyla elde edilir:
 
 <img alt=""Eq4"" src=""https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/1019/1019_Equations-04.png"" style=""height: 40px;"" />
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyurlanmıştır: <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-1-writing-and-balancing-chemical-equations"">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 4.1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations</a>.

Kimyasal Denklemler

Kimyasal denklemler, bir kimyasal reaksiyonda yer alan maddelerin kimliklerini ve nispi miktarlarını temsil eder. Reaksiyona giren maddeler ...

Education

JoVE Core

Kimya

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations

Moleküller, Bileşikler ve Kimyasal Denklemler

molecules-compounds-and-chemical-equations

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

reading chemical equations and balancing them

Chemical equations show the identities and relative amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. The substances that react are called reactants, and their formulas are written on the left side of the equation. The substances formed are called products, and their formulas are written on the right side. A plus sign (+) separates formulas on the same side, and an arrow (→) shows the change from reactants to products.

The numbers in a chemical equation are shown with coefficients. A coefficient is the number written in front of a formula. A coefficient of 1 is usually not written. The smallest whole-number coefficients are commonly used, and they work as ratios. For example, methane and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water in a 1:2:1:2 ratio.

That ratio can be read in more than one way. It can mean 1 methane molecule and 2 oxygen molecules make 1 carbon dioxide molecule and 2 water molecules. It can also mean 1 mole of methane molecules and 2 moles of oxygen molecules make 1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules and 2 moles of water molecules. Chemical equations may also include physical states after the formulas. Common state labels are s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, and aq for substances dissolved in water.

A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms for each element on both sides. This follows the law of conservation of matter. To check balance, count the atoms on the reactant side and the product side and compare the totals. To find the number of atoms in a formula, multiply the coefficient by the subscript. If an element appears in more than one formula on one side, add all of those atoms together.

Balancing a chemical equation means changing coefficients, not the formulas themselves. Fractions can be used as temporary coefficients during balancing. For the reaction of ethane with oxygen, carbon and hydrogen are balanced first by placing 2 in front of carbon dioxide and 3 in front of water. That leaves 7 oxygen atoms on the product side, so oxygen gets a fractional coefficient of 7/2. The final equation is then multiplied by 2 to turn all coefficients into whole numbers without changing the balance.

Reading Chemical Equations and Balancing Them

reading-chemical-equations-and-balancing-them

molecules and compounds

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds

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molecular models

Molecular Model Types in Chemistry

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formula mass and mole concepts of compounds

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Chemical Formula Mass and Percent Composition

Chemical formula mass and percent composition help describe the makeup of compounds. A chemical formula shows which atoms are present and how many of each atom appear in a substance. For covalent compounds, the formula shows the atoms in one molecule. That is why formula mass can also be called molecular mass. Chloroform, CHCl3, is one example. Its formula shows one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The molecular mass is the sum of their average atomic masses. Ionic...

experimental determination of chemical formula

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chemical equations

Chemical equations show the identities and relative amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. The substances that react are called reactants, and their formulas are written on the left side of the equation. The substances formed are called products, and their formulas are written on the right side. A plus sign (+) separates formulas on the same side, and an arrow (→) shows the change from reactants to products. The numbers in a chemical equation are shown with coefficients. A coefficient...

key terms and concepts

Learn how to read chemical equations, identify reactants and products, use coefficients and state symbols, and balance equations with whole-number ratios.

Reading Chemical Equations and Balancing Them | JoVE K12

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Physical Science

PS.PSc.2.3

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Chemical Reactions

3.2.9-12.C

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High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-2

HS-PS1-7

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Reactions of matter

Interactions Of Matter

Chemical reactions

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CHEM1.PS1.2

CHEM1.PS1.3

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HIgh School

CH.3

CH.3.a

CH.3.b

CH.3.c

PS.3

PS.3.d

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2.2.1 9C.1.2.1.2

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HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.5

HS+C.P1U1.7

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

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CHEM.7

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CHEM.9

CHEM.9.A

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9-12.PS.3.5.d

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SC.912.P.8

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C-PS1-7

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Chemical Reaction

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The Periodic Table

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Atomic Mass

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

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Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Chemical Equations and Balancing Them

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