Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Cytoplasm

Ökaryotik hücrelerde sitoplazma, plazma zarı ile nükleer zarf arasındaki alandır.
Prokaryotik hücrelerde çekirdek bulunmadığından, sitoplazma, plazma zarı içinde bulunan her şeyi ifade eder.
Her iki hücre tipinde de sitoplazmik boşluk, sitozol adı verilen jel benzeri bir matris ile doldurulur.
Sitozol, birçok çözünür iyon, küçük molekül ve makromolekül içeren sulu bir çözeltidir.
Ökaryotik hücrelerin sitoplazması ayrıca mitokondri, endoplazmik retikulum ve Golgi aygıtı gibi özel hücresel işlevleri yerine getiren çok sayıda zara bağlı organel içerir.
Sitoplazmada bulunan protein liflerinden oluşan bir çerçeve – hücre iskeleti, hücreye şeklini ve yapısını verir. Ayrıca hücre içi taşımaya ve hücre hareketliliğine yardımcı olur.
Ek olarak, protein sentezi gibi organel olmayan birçok hücresel fonksiyon da sitoplazmada yer alır. Sitoplazmanın sulu yapısı, hidrofobik amino asit yan gruplarını protein çekirdeğine iterek protein katlanmasını kolaylaştırır.
Bazı hücreler ayrıca glikojen gibi çözünmeyen metabolik ürünleri sitoplazmalarında inklüzyonlar şeklinde depolar.

sitoplazma

Sitoplazma, organellerden ve sulu bir çözelti olan sitozol içinde asılı duran hücre iskeleti adı verilen protein yapı iskeletlerinden oluşan bir çerçeveden oluşur. Sitosol, su, iyonlar, tuzlar ve çeşitli organik moleküllerden oluşan zengin bir et suyudur. Protein Katlanması ve Yanlış Katlanması Sitoplazma, protein sentezi ve katlanması da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hücresel süreçlerin yeridir. Sitozolün sulu yapısı, hidrofobik amino asit yan zincirlerinin protein çekirdeğine gömülmesini, hidrofilik amino asitlerin ise sitozole bakmasını sağlayacak şekilde protein katlanmasını teşvik eder. Bununla birlikte, yaşlanma ve pH, sıcaklık veya ozmolaritedeki değişiklikler gibi hücresel stresler, proteinin yanlış katlanmasına neden olabilir. Yanlış katlanmış proteinler sitoplazmada bir araya gelerek çözünmeyen protein agregatları oluşturabilir. Bu tür agregatlar Alzheimer ve Parkinson hastalığı gibi nörodejeneratif bozukluklarla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Hücre İskeleti Bileşimi ve İşlevi Ökaryotik hücre iskeleti üç tip filamentli proteinden oluşur: mikrotübüller, mikrofilamentler ve ara filamentler. Filamentlerin en büyük türü olan mikrotübüller, tübülin proteininden oluşur. İpliklerinin uçlarına tübülin molekülleri eklenerek veya çıkarılarak büyüyüp küçülebilen dinamik yapılardır. Hücreye yapısal stabilite sağlarlar ve hücre içindeki proteinlerin, veziküllerin ve bazı organellerin taşınması için yol görevi görürler. Ek olarak mikrotübüller, kromozomları hücrenin zıt uçlarına yönlendiren bir çerçeve sağlayarak hücre bölünmesinde çok önemli bir rol oynar. Mikrofilamentler veya aktin filamentleri, aktin adı verilen bir proteinden oluşan daha küçük hücre iskeleti filamentleridir. Aktin proteinleri filamentler oluşturmak için hızla birleşip parçalanabilir. Bu nedenle amip gibi tek hücreli organizmalarda hareketliliği veya beyaz kan hücrelerinin enfeksiyon bölgelerine göçünü sağlarlar. İskelet kası hücrelerinde aktin filamentleri, kas kasılmasına aracılık etmek için miyozin filamentleri boyunca kayar. Ara filamentler mikrotübüller veya aktin filamentleri kadar dinamik değildir. Ancak diğer iki filament türü gibi hücreye yapısal destek de sağlarlar. Ara filamentler, spesifik hücre tipine bağlı olarak farklı tipte proteinlerden oluşur. Örneğin saç ve tırnaklardaki ara filamentler keratin içerirken, kas hücrelerinde bu filamentler desminlerden oluşur.

Sitoplazma

Sitoplazma, organellerden ve sulu bir çözelti olan sitozol içinde süspanse edilmiş hücre iskeleti adı verilen bir protein iskelesi çerçevesinden oluşur. Bu ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Hücre Biyolojisi

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Hücreler, Genomlar ve Evrim

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities.

The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol.

Cell stress can disrupt this process. Changes in pH, temperature, osmolarity, or aging can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may collect in the cytoplasm and form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The cytoskeleton is the protein framework inside the cytoplasm. It includes three filament types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest and are built from tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. They help give the cell structural stability and serve as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles. They also help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are made of actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This rapid change helps amoeba move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules or actin filaments, but they still provide support. They are made of different proteins depending on the cell type. In hair and nails, intermediate filaments contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

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Three Domains on the Tree of Life

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prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that live without a nucleus. They include the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include common microbes such as Salmonella and E. coli, while Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh places like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells still share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA. Their cell parts float freely in the...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

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eukaryotic evolution

How Eukaryotic Cells Became Complex

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cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove. The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor...

the central dogma

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

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mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

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genome size and the evolution of new genes

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

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gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

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gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, cell division, movement, and muscle contraction.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Hücre Biyolojisi, anlaşılması kolay ancak kapsamlı animasyonlu video derslerde karmaşık hücresel süreçleri gösterir. Bu koleksiyon, organeller ve zarlar, hücresel taşıma ve hücre enerjileri dahil olmak üzere hücrelerin temel bileşenlerine ve işlevlerine odaklanır. Gerçek dünya araştırma deneylerinde hücre biyolojisinin uygulanmasını gösteren bilim insanı eylem videoları ile tamamlanmaktadır.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Solution Preparation
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Carbohydrate Metabolism

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lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

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Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Cell Structure

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LS.Bio.1.3

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LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

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Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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