Name: chromosome movement during cell division
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:50.000Z
Duration: 2 min 11 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

Mitoz sırasında, çift yönelimli kromozomlar, iğ eklerini stabilize etmek için salınır ve daha sonra mitotik iğin ekvatorunda metafaz plakası boyunca birleşir.
Mitotik mile bağlandıktan sonra kromozomlara çoklu kuvvetler etki eder.
Artı uç depolimerizasyonunun bir sonucu olarak kinetokor-mikrotübül boyunca uygulanan büyük bir kutup kuvveti, kinetokoru ve onunla ilişkili kromozomu iğ kutbuna doğru çeker. Kinetokorda, Ndc80 protein kompleksleri, mikrotübül kenarları boyunca çok sayıda düşük afiniteli ataşman yoluyla kinetokoru mikrotübüle bağlar.
Mikrotübül artı uç depolimerizasyonu sırasında, Ndc80 ataşmanları kinetokor-mikrotübül bağlantısını sürdürmek için yeni bölgelerde kırılır ve yeniden şekillenir. Mekanizma, mikrotübülün uzunluğu kısaldıkça kromozomu kademeli olarak mil kutbuna doğru çeker.
İkinci bir kutup kuvveti, mikrotübül akısından kaynaklanır. Mikrotübül eksi uç depolimerizasyonu, eksi uç yönlendirilmiş bir akı oluşturur ve mikrotübülün iş mili kutbuna doğru hareketine neden olur. Artı uç polimerizasyonunun koordine edilmesi, eksi uç depolimerizasyonunu telafi ederek mikrotübüllerin uzunluklarını korumasına izin verir.
Kinesin-4 ve 10 motor proteinleri tarafından üretilen üçüncü bir kuvvet, kutupsal fırlatma kuvveti veya kutup rüzgarı, kromozomları iğ kutuplarından uzağa iter. Kinesin-4 ve 10, kromozomal kolları interpolar mikrotübüllerle bağlar. Bu artı uçlu yönlendirilmiş motor proteinler, kromozomu iğ ekvatoruna doğru hareket ettirir.
Bu çoklu karşıt kuvvetlerin dengeli bir etkileşimi, çift yönelimli kromozomların, kromozomal ayrışmaya hazırlık olarak metafaz plakası boyunca hassas bir şekilde hizalanmasını sağlar.

<ol>
	<li>Brouhard, G. J. ve A. J. Hunt. "Mitotik Kromozomların Kollarında Mikrotübül Hareketleri: İn Vitro Olarak Ölçülen Polar Ejeksiyon Kuvvetleri." Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Bildirileri 102, no. 39 (2005): 13903–8. <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/102/39/13903">[Kaynak]</a></li>
	<li>Dumont, Sophie ve Timothy J. Mitchison. "Mitotik İğde Kuvvet ve Uzunluk." Güncel Biyoloji 19, hayır. 17 (2009). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220901450X">[Kaynak]</a></li>
	<li>Khodjakov, Alexey ve Tarun Kapoor. "Mikrotübül Akısı: Neye İyi Gelir?" Güncel Biyoloji 15, hayır. 23 (2005). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205013928">[Kaynak]</a></li>
</ol>

kromozomlara etki eden kuvvetler

Mitoz sırasında, kromozom hareketleri çoklu pikonewton düzeyindeki kuvvetlerin etkileşimi yoluyla meydana gelir. Prometafazda, bu kuvvetler kromozomların ekvatoral düzlemde toplanmasına veya birleşmesine yardımcı olur ve sonunda metafaz plakasında hizalanmalarına yol açar. Kromozomlara etki eden kuvvetler uzaya ve zamana bağlıdır; bu nedenle hücre mitoza devam ettikçe kromozomların konumuna göre değişirler. Mikrotübüller ve motor proteinleri, kromozomlar üzerinde kutup yönünde ve (kutupsal itme kuvveti olarak da bilinen) kutup yönünün tersine olmak üzere iki tür kuvvet uygular. Kinetokor mikrotübül depolimerizasyonu kutup yönünde kuvvet oluşturur ve kromozomu iğ kutbuna doğru çeker. Buna karşılık, kinetokor-mikrotübülün polimerizasyonu, kromozomu hücrenin ekvatoruna doğru iten polar-ejeksiyon (kutupsal itme) kuvvetlerine yol açar. Kromokinesinler ve kinesin-7 gibi mikrotübül artı ucuna yönelik motor proteinleri de kromozomları hücrenin ekvatoruna doğru iterek polar-ejeksiyon kuvvetleri üretir. Poleward (kutuplara doğru) ve polar-ejection (kutupsal itme) kuvvetlerinin eş zamanlı ancak eşit olmayan etkisi, prometafaz sırasında kromozomların salınımına neden olur; ancak metafaz sırasında iki yönelimli kardeş kromatitler eşit fakat zıt güçlerle karşılaşırlar. Bu, iğ düzeneği kontrol noktası yolunu susturmak için yeterli gerilim yaratır ve hücrelerin anafaza geçmesine izin verir. Anafazda, poleward kuvvetler kardeş kromatitlere etki eder ve bunların kardeş hücrelere başarılı bir şekilde ayrılmasıyla sonuçlanır. Yukarıdaki kuvvetlere ek olarak kromozomlar aynı zamanda yapışma ve çözme kuvvetlerine de maruz kalır. Kohezin tarafından uygulanan yapışma kuvveti, kardeş kromatitleri metafazın sonuna kadar bir arada tutar. Öte yandan, kondensinler tarafından üretilen çözme kuvveti, kromozomların farklı çubuk biçimli yapılar oluşturmasına olanak tanır ve bu da anafaz sırasında düzgün ayrılmalarına yardımcı olur.

Kromozomlara Etki Eden Kuvvetler

Mitoz sırasında, kromozom hareketleri, birden fazla pikonewton seviyesi kuvvetin etkileşimi yoluyla gerçekleşir. Prometafazda, bu kuvvetler kromozoma yardımcı olur ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Hücre Biyolojisi

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Cell Division

Hücre Bölünmesi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

chromosome movement during cell division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides.

The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time.

Understanding these forces helps explain how chromosomes are separated during cell division. It also shows how the cell uses physical forces to control a key step in making new cells.

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how forces on chromosomes guide chromosome movement during cell division and help the mitotic spindle separate chromosomes at the right time.

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Hücre Biyolojisi, anlaşılması kolay ancak kapsamlı animasyonlu video derslerde karmaşık hücresel süreçleri gösterir. Bu koleksiyon, organeller ve zarlar, hücresel taşıma ve hücre enerjileri dahil olmak üzere hücrelerin temel bileşenlerine ve işlevlerine odaklanır. Gerçek dünya araştırma deneylerinde hücre biyolojisinin uygulanmasını gösteren bilim insanı eylem videoları ile tamamlanmaktadır.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-4.

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Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the ...

The Cell Cycle Control System

Positive Regulator Molecules

Inhibition of CDK Activity

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome ...

Chromosome Duplication

Cohesins

Condensins

The Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome Duplication

Spindle Assembly

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Anaphase A and B

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The Contractile Ring

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

The Phragmoplast

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

An Introduction to Cell Division

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Cell Cycle Analysis

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Live Cell Imaging of Mitosis

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Cell Migration

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An Introduction to Organogenesis

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Fate Mapping

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Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific gene control mechanisms or rote memorization of the steps of mitosis.

DNA Packaging

DNA as a Genetic Template

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Organization of Genes

Structure of a Gene

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Chromosome Structure

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Chromosome Replication

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The Nucleosome

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Nucleosome Remodeling

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Chromatin Packaging

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Karyotyping

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

The DNA Helix

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The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Gene Families

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3.1.9-12.P

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Binary Fission

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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What is Meiosis?

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Meiosis I

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Meiosis II

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Students who demonstrate understanding can make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the phases of meiosis or the biochemical mechanism of specific steps in the process.

3.1.9-12.Q

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

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