Name: gas temperature changes in adiabatic processes
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:32:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-3.

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

Sistemin içinde veya dışında ısı transferi olmayan termodinamik bir süreç adyabatik olarak adlandırılır.
Bu nedenle, termodinamiğin birinci yasasına göre, iç enerjideki değişim, adyabatik bir süreçte yapılan işin negatifidir.
Örneğin, ısı yalıtımlı bir borudan oluşan bir yangın pistonunun bir ucu kapalı, diğer ucu ise hareketli bir pistona sahiptir. 
Tüpün içine küçük bir parça pamuk topu yerleştirilirse ve pistonun oda sıcaklığında hızla aşağı itilmesine izin verilirse, ısı uygulanmamasına rağmen pamuk topu alev alır. Bu, adyabatik sıkıştırma nedeniyle olur.
Burada, hacim azaldıkça, yapılan iş negatif hale gelir; bu nedenle, iç enerji değişimi pozitiftir ve buna karşılık gelen gaz sıcaklığındaki artış vardır.
Tersine, bir şişe soğutulmuş gazlı içecek açılırken, şişede sıkışan gaz adyabatik genleşmeye uğrar ve bu da yapılan işin pozitif olmasına neden olur.
Sonuç olarak, iç enerji, karşılık gelen bir sıcaklık düşüşü ile azalır ve buharlaşan buharı görünür bir bulut halinde yoğunlaştırır.

<ol>
	<li>Genç, H.D. ve Freedman, R.A. (2012). Modern Fizik ile Üniversite Fiziği. San Francisco, Kaliforniya: Pearson. Sayfa 640.</li>
	<li>Stax'ı açın. (2019). Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2. [Web sürümü]. <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-6-adiabatic-processes-for-an-ideal-gas" adresinden alındı>https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-6-adiabatic-processes-for-an-ideal-gas</a></li>
</ol>

İdeal gaz için adyabatik süreçler

İdeal bir gaz adiabatik olarak sıkıştırıldığında, yani ısı eklenmeden sıkıştırıldığında, üzerinde iş yapılır ve sıcaklığı artar. Adiabatik bir genişlemede, gaz iş yapar ve sıcaklığı düşer. Adiabatik sıkıştırmalar aslında bir otomobilin silindirlerinde gerçekleşir, burada gaz-hava karışımının sıkıştırılması o kadar hızlı gerçekleşir ki, karışımın çevresiyle ısı alışverişi için zaman yoktur. Bununla birlikte, sıkıştırma sırasında karışıma iş yapılır, bu nedenle sıcaklığı önemli ölçüde yükselir. Aslında, sıcaklık artışı o kadar büyük olabilir ki, karışım kıvılcım eklenmeden patlayabilir. Bu tür patlamalar, zamanlamadan dolayı bir otomobilin kötü çalışmasına neden olur - genellikle "tekneler". Dizel yakıtının oktanıyla birlikte ateşleme sıcaklığı yükseldiğinde, bu sorunu aşmanın bir yolu daha yüksek oktanlı benzin kullanmaktır.

Başka bir ilginç adiabatik süreç, bir gazın serbest genişlemesidir. Bir gazın bir zar ile iki bölmeye sıkıştırıldığını düşünün, bu zar termal olarak yalıtılmış bir konteynerin bir tarafına hapsediyor. Zarf delindiğinde, gaz boş konteynerin diğer tarafına hızla akar ve böylece serbestçe genişler. Gaz "boşluğa karşı genişlerken", basınç azalır (p = 0), iş yapmaz ve çevre termal olarak izole edildiği için genişleme adiabatiktir. İlk yasada Q = 0 ve W = 0 olduğunda, dU = 0 olduğu için serbest genişleme için başlangıç ve son denge durumundaki iç enerji aynıdır. Eğer gaz ideal bir gaz ise, iç enerji sadece sıcaklığa bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, ideal bir gaz serbestçe genişlediğinde sıcaklığı değişmez.

İdeal Gaz için Adyabatik Süreçler

İdeal bir gaz adyabatik olarak sıkıştırıldığında, yani ısı eklenmeden üzerinde çalışma yapılır ve sıcaklığı artar. Adyabatik bir genişlemede, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Termodinamiğin Birinci Kanunu

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

gas temperature changes in adiabatic processes

Adiabatic processes change the temperature of an ideal gas without heat transfer. In an adiabatic compression, no heat is added, but work is done on the gas. That work raises the gas temperature. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work and its temperature drops.

A common example is the compression of a gas-air mixture inside a car engine cylinder. The compression happens so quickly that there is no time for heat to move between the mixture and its surroundings. Even so, the work done on the mixture can raise its temperature enough for it to explode without a spark. When that explosion happens at the wrong time, the engine knocks and runs poorly. Higher-octane gasoline can help because it has a higher ignition temperature.

The transcript also describes free expansion of a gas. In this case, a gas starts on one side of a thermally insulated two-compartment container. When the membrane is punctured, the gas rushes into the empty side and expands into a vacuum. Because the pressure outside is zero, the gas does no work. Since the container is thermally insulated, the process is adiabatic. With Q = 0 and W = 0, the first law gives dU = 0, so the internal energy stays the same before and after the expansion. For an ideal gas, internal energy depends only on temperature, so the temperature does not change during free expansion.

Gas Temperature Changes in Adiabatic Processes

gas-temperature-changes-in-adiabatic-processes

thermodynamic systems

Open, Closed, and Isolated Systems

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Path Dependence in Gas Work

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Net Work in a Cyclic Thermodynamic Process

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Isothermal Expansion and Heat Transfer

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process that happens at constant temperature. During the process, heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system so thermal equilibrium is maintained. Phase changes are common examples of isothermal processes. Water can evaporate into steam at a constant temperature, and water can also freeze into ice at a constant temperature. An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression. Here, an ideal gas in an isolated cylinder expands...

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Constant Volume and Pressure in Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic processes can happen at constant volume or at constant pressure. An isochoric process is a constant-volume process. In this case, the volume does not change, so the work done by the system is zero. The first law of thermodynamics still applies, so any heat added or removed changes the internal energy of the system only. A simple example is heating 1000 g of water from 40 degrees celsius to 70 degrees celsius at constant volume. Because the process is isochoric, no work is done by...

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Ideal Gas Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure

Heat capacity describes how much heat a substance absorbs for a given change in temperature. It is also called thermal capacity, and its SI unit is J/K. Specific heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K, and its SI unit is J/kg·K. The video also explains molar heat capacity. This is the amount of heat added or removed to change the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 K. It can be measured at constant volume or constant pressure, and it is...

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Ideal Gas Heat Capacity Differences

Ideal gas heat capacities depend on whether the gas is heated at constant volume or constant pressure. At constant volume, the heat absorbed only raises the internal energy of the system. No work is done in this case. At constant pressure, the situation is different. The heat absorbed increases the internal energy and also does work. Molar heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 mole of gas by 1 unit. Because some of the added heat goes into work, more heat is needed at...

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adiabatic processes for an ideal gas

Adiabatic processes change the temperature of an ideal gas without heat transfer. In an adiabatic compression, no heat is added, but work is done on the gas. That work raises the gas temperature. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work and its temperature drops. A common example is the compression of a gas-air mixture inside a car engine cylinder. The compression happens so quickly that there is no time for heat to move between the mixture and its surroundings. Even so, the work done on...

pressure and volume in an adiabatic process

pressure-and-volume-in-an-adiabatic-process

Free Expansion: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature

Free expansion shows how pressure, volume, and temperature behave when a gas expands without doing work. It is an adiabatic process, but it is not the same as adiabatic expansion. In free expansion, no work is done and the internal energy does not change. In adiabatic expansion, work is done and the internal energy changes. For an adiabatic process, the pressure-volume relation comes from the adiabatic condition. That relation does not apply to free expansion, even though the expansion is...

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Adiabatic Compression in an Engine Cylinder

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Maxwell's thermodynamic relations help solve problems in thermodynamics. They connect partial differentials for quantities that are hard to measure in the lab with quantities that are easier to measure. This makes them useful for working with temperature, pressure, volume, and entropy. These relations come from thermodynamic potentials and the symmetry of second derivatives. Thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials, so the order of second differentiation does not change the result.

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Gas Cooling and Heating in Throttling

Gas cooling and heating in throttling is explained by the Joule-Thomson effect, also called the Joule-Kelvin effect. It describes how a fluid changes temperature when it passes through a valve or porous plug in a thermally insulated system. This type of flow is called a throttling process. In the experiment, a high-pressure gas is forced through a throttle valve or porous plug into a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it moves into the larger volume. Work is done on the gas as it is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how adiabatic compression and free expansion affect an ideal gas. See why temperature rises in compression, drops in expansion, and stays the same in free expansion.

Gas Temperature Changes in Adiabatic Processes | JoVE K12

physics

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Gas Temperature Changes in Adiabatic Processes

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