Name: adiabatic compression in an engine cylinder
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:49.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.2

Work Done in an Adiabatic Process

Helyum gazı ile doldurulmuş, bir miktar başlangıç basıncına ve hacmine sahip, azalan atmosferik basınç altında adyabatik olarak yükselen ve nihai bir hacme genişleyen bir hava balonunu düşünün. Gazın yaptığı iş nedir?
İlk ve son sıcaklıklar biliniyorsa, adyabatik bir süreç için yapılan iş, sıcaklık değişimi cinsinden ifade edilen iç enerjisinden elde edilir.
Başka bir yol, gazın ilk ve son basınçlarının ve hacimlerinin ilişkili olabileceği adyabatik süreç koşulunu kullanmaktır. Terimler basitleştirme için yeniden düzenlenmiştir.
Hacim değişimi sırasında işi hatırlayın ve içinde elde edilen basınç ifadesini değiştirin.
Bu ifadeyi hacim değişimi ile entegre ederek, adyabatik bir süreç sırasında yapılan iş belirlenebilir.
Helyum balonundaki ilk gaz basıncı 1 atm ise ve balonun hacmi 25m3'ten 100m3'e değişirse, türetilmiş ifadedeki bilinen miktarlar yerine getirilerek gazın yaptığı iş hesaplanabilir.

<ol>
	<li>Genç, H.D. ve Freedman, R.A. (2012). Modern Fizik ile Üniversite Fiziği. San Francisco, Kaliforniya: Pearson. Sayfa 641, 642</li>
	<li>Stax'ı açın. (2019). Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2. [Web sürümü]. <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-6-adiabatic-processes-for-an-ideal-gas" adresinden alındı>https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/3-6-adiabatic-processes-for-an-ideal-gas</a></li>
</ol>

bir adiabatik İşin yapılması

Bir otomobil dizel motorunun silindirinde ideal bir gazın adiabatik sıkışmasını düşünelim. Benzin buharı, pistonun genişletilmiş konumunda iken otomobil motorunun silindirine enjekte edilir. Elde edilen gaz-hava karışımının sıcaklığı, basıncı ve hacmi sırasıyla 20 °C, 1.00 x 10^5 N/m^2 ve 240 cm^3'tür. Karışım daha sonra adiabatik olarak 40 cm^3 hacme sıkıştırılır. Burada bir otomobil motorunun gerçek işleyişinde sıkıştırma kvasi-statik değildir, ancak bu varsayımı burada yapıyoruz. Sıkışmadan sonra karışımın basıncı ve sıcaklığı nedir? Sıkışma sırasında yapılan iş nedir?

Çözüm:

Bir adiabatik sıkışma süreci için basınç ifadesi aşağıdaki gibi yazılır:

aşağıdaki gibi yazılır:

<img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 34px;" />

Havaın mol kapasite oranını 1.4 olarak kullanıp, bilinen nicelikleri ifade (1)'de yerine koyarak, sıkışmadan sonra karışımın basıncı hesaplanır.

Havayı ideal gaz yasası kullanarak ve elde edilen basınç değerini kullanarak, sıkışmadan sonra karışımın sıcaklığı da hesaplanır.

<img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 34px;" />

From the ideal gas law and using the obtained pressure value, the temperature of the mixture after the compression is also calculated.

<img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 34px;" />

<img alt="Equation4" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 34px;" />

<img alt="Equation5" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 10px;" />

Bu şekilde, bir otomobil dizel motorunun silindiri içinde sıkışmadan sonra karışımın basıncı ve sıcaklığı belirlenir.

Eğer sıkışma süreci izotermal ise, basınç değeri elde edilen değerden değişir. Çünkü adiabatik bir sıkışma sürecinde sıcaklık artarsa basınç da artar. Dolayısıyla sıkışma stroku yakınında silindire yakıt enjekte edildiğinde, hava karışımı daha yüksek bir sıcaklık elde eder ve ateşleme buji olmaksızın yakıtın kendiliğinden tutuşmasına neden olur.

Başlangıç ve bitiş basınçları bilinerek, sıkışma sırasında yapılan iş aşağıdaki gibi hesaplanabilir:

<img alt="Equation6" src="/files/ftp_upload/13689/13689_Equation_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 34px;" />

Yukarıdaki ifadeye bilinen ve elde edilen nicelikleri yerine koyarak, yapılan iş -1.63 J'ye eşittir. Burada negatif işin, piston tarafından hava-gaz karışımı üzerinde yapıldığı anlamına geldiğini belirtmek gerekir.

Bir Adiabatik İşin Yapılması

Bir otomobil dizel motorunun silindirindeki ideal bir gazın adyabatik sıkıştırmasını düşünün. Benzin buharı, bir silindirin içine enjekte edilir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Termodinamiğin Birinci Kanunu

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

adiabatic compression in an engine cylinder

Adiabatic compression in an engine cylinder changes the pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas-air mixture. In this setup, gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder when the piston is in its expanded position. The mixture starts at 20 °C, 1.00 x 10^5 N/m^2, and 240 cm^3.

The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to 40 cm^3. Adiabatic means no heat is exchanged with the surroundings during the process. For this calculation, the compression is treated as quasi-static, even though real automobile engine compression is not quasi-static.

Using the adiabatic pressure relation and the molar heat capacity ratio for air, 1.4, the final pressure is found from the initial conditions and the volume change. The ideal gas law is then used with that pressure to calculate the final temperature of the mixture. The result shows that the compressed gas reaches a higher pressure and temperature than it had before.

If the compression were isothermal, the pressure would be different from the value found here. In an adiabatic compression, the temperature rises, so the pressure becomes greater. This helps explain why fuel injected near the compression stroke can ignite on its own in a diesel engine, without spark plugs.

The work done during compression is found from the initial and final pressure values. The calculated work is -1.63 J. The negative sign means the piston does work on the air-gas mixture during compression.

Adiabatic Compression in an Engine Cylinder

adiabatic-compression-in-an-engine-cylinder

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Adiabatic compression in an engine cylinder changes the pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas-air mixture. In this setup, gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder when the piston is in its expanded position. The mixture starts at 20 °C, 1.00 x 10^5 N/m^2, and 240 cm^3. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to 40 cm^3. Adiabatic means no heat is exchanged with the surroundings during the process. For this calculation, the compression is treated as quasi-static, even though real...

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See how adiabatic compression changes pressure, temperature, and work in an engine cylinder, using ideal gas relations and a diesel engine example.

Adiabatic Compression in an Engine Cylinder | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Temel Fizik, kinematik, dinamik, akışkanlar mekaniği, statik, dalgalar ve akustik dahil olmak üzere temel fizik konularının teorisini ve uygulamasını kısa ve anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolarla tanıtıyor. Ek olarak, sektör içindeki bilim insanı videoları, dünya çapındaki günümüz laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilen klasik ve orijinal araştırma deneylerinde ilgili kavramların uygulanmasını göstermektedir.

SC.912.P.10.3

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-3.

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conservation

Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

Energy

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Kinetic Energy - I

It&#8217;s plausible to suppose that the greater the velocity of a body, the greater effect it could have on other bodies. This does not depend on the ...

Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

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Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

The work-energy theorem can be generalized to the motion of a particle along any curved path. The simple argument here is that the curved path can be ...

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Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to others.

SC.912.P.10.1

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...

Work Done During Volume Change

In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when ...

Path Between Thermodynamics States

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In the first process for path A to ...

Heat and Free Expansion

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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic ...

A change in the internal energy of a system depends on the the net heat transfer into the system and the net work done by the system. The first law of ...

First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving

The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the net ...

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a ...

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or ...

Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an ...

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four ...

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

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Joule-Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous ...

Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating among open, closed, and isolated systems and explain that the total energy in an isolated system is a conserved quantity.

Energy and Work

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Enthalpy

Entropy

Power

The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its ...

Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may ...

Compare and contrast work and power qualitatively and quantitatively.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:

where &#963; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...

Describe heat as the energy transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation, and explain the connection of heat to change in temperature or states of matter.

SC.912.P.10.4

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist ...

Molecular Kinetic Energy

The word &#34;gas&#34;&#160;comes from the Flemish word meaning &#34;chaos,&#34; first used to describe vapors by the chemist J. B. van Helmont. Consider ...

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Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For ...

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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws ...

kinetic-molecular-theory-molecular-velocities-temperature-kinetic

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a ...

behavior-gas-molecules-molecular-diffusion-mean-free-path

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many ...

Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

SC.912.P.10.5

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A ...

Dynamics of Circular Motion

An object undergoing circular motion, like a race car, is accelerating because it is changing the direction of its velocity. This centrally directed ...

Dynamics Of Circular Motion: Applications

Suppose a car moves on flat ground and turns to the left. The centripetal force causing the car to turn in a circular path is due to friction between the ...

Potential Energy due to Gravitation

Since gravitational force is a conservative force, the amount of work done to move an object between two points in the gravitational field in which it ...

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The Principle of Superposition and the Gravitational Field

The principle of superposition applies to gravitational forces of objects that are sufficiently far apart. It states that the net gravitational force on a ...

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Create and interpret potential energy diagrams, for example: chemical reactions, orbits around a central body, motion of a pendulum.

SC.912.P.10.6

A. Energy is involved in all physical and chemical processes. It is conserved, and can be transformed from one form to another and into work. At the atomic and nuclear levels energy is not continuous but exists in discrete amounts. Energy and mass are related through Einstein's equation E=mc2.

B. The properties of atomic nuclei are responsible for energy-related phenomena such as radioactivity, fission and fusion.

C. Changes in entropy and energy that accompany chemical reactions influence reaction paths. Chemical reactions result in the release or absorption of energy.

D. The theory of electromagnetism explains that electricity and magnetism are closely related. Electric charges are the source of electric fields. Moving charges generate magnetic fields.

E. Waves are the propagation of a disturbance. They transport energy and momentum but do not transport matter.

Adiabatic Compression in an Engine Cylinder

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