Name: radiation pressure in light and comets
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:46:50.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.H

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

Elektromanyetik dalgalar uzayda seyahat ederken momentum taşır. Karşılık gelen momentum yoğunluğu, Poynting vektörü büyüklüğü ve ışık hızı cinsinden ifade edilir.
Kısa bir zaman aralığında bir alandan geçen dalganın kapladığı hacmin yerine konmasıyla, birim alan başına momentum akış hızı elde edilebilir.
Birim alan başına ortalama momentum transfer hızı, Poynting vektörünün ortalama değerinin yoğunluk ile değiştirilmesiyle elde edilir.
Momentum transferi nedeniyle, elektromanyetik dalgalar yüzeye radyasyon basıncı olarak bilinen basınç uygular.
Şimdi, momentumun ortalama değişim oranı ortalama kuvvete eşittir ve birim alan başına kuvvet radyasyon basıncıdır.
Bu nedenle, radyasyon basıncı dalganın yoğunluğu ile doğru orantılıdır.
Yüzey elektromanyetik dalgayı mükemmel bir şekilde emerse, karşılık gelen momentum da tamamen yüzeye aktarılır.
Mükemmel yansıtıcı bir yüzey için momentum değişimi iki kat olacaktır. Böylece radyasyon basıncı da iki katına çıkar.

<ol>
	<li>Stax'ı açın. (2019). Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2. [Web sürümü]. <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/16-4-momentum-and-radiation-pressure">16.4 Momentum ve Radyasyon Basıncından alındı - Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2 | OpenStax (Stax)</a></li>
</ol>

hareket dönemi ve radyasyon basıncı

Bir elektromanyetik dalgayı emen bir nesne, dalganın yayılma yönünde bir kuvvet hisseder. Bu kuvvet, elektromanyetik dalgaların momentum içerdiği ve taşıdığı için ortaya çıkar. Bu kuvvet, nesne üzerinde uygulanan dalga radyasyonu basıncını açıklar. Maxwell'in tahmini, Nichols ve Hull tarafından 1903 yılında bir burulma dengesiyle radyasyon basınçlarını tam olarak ölçerek doğrulandı. Ölçüm aracı, bir cam kabın içinde bulunan bir fibere asılı aynalara sahipti. Nichols ve Hull, aynaların birine ışık yansıtarak hafif bir ölçülebilir sapmaya ulaştılar. Ölçülen sapmadan yola çıkarak, aynadaki dengesiz kuvveti hesapladılar ve kuvvetin tahmini değeriyle bir uyum elde ettiler. Elektromanyetik bir dalga tarafından mükemmel bir şekilde emilen bir yüzey üzerinde uygulanan radyasyon basıncı, dalga enerjisi yoğunluğuna eşittir. Malzemenin mükemmel yansıtıcı olduğunu ve elektromanyetik dalgaların yüzeye normal olarak geldiğini varsayalım. Bu durumda, uygulanan basınç iki kat daha fazla olur çünkü momentumun yönü yansımadan sonra tersine döner.

Radyasyon basıncı, kuyruklu yıldızların görünümü de dahil olmak üzere birçok gözlemlenen astronomik olayın açıklanmasında rol oynar. Bir kuyruklu yıldız Güneş'e yaklaştığında, ısınır ve donmuş gazlar ve kaya ve toz parçacıklarından oluşan yüzeyi buharlaşır. Kuyruklu yıldızın kuyruğu, gazlar ve tozlardan oluşan sisli alanıdır. Bu gazlar ve tozlardan bazıları kuyruklar oluşturur. İyon kuyruğu başlıca iyonlaşmış gazlardan oluşur. Bu iyonlar, Güneş tarafından yayılan yüklü parçacıkların sürekli bir akışı olan güneş rüzgarıyla elektromanyetik olarak etkileşime girer. İyonize gazlara güneş rüzgarının etkisi o kadar güçlüdür ki iyon kuyruğu neredeyse her zaman doğrudan Güneş'e doğru işaret eder. İkinci kuyruk ise toz parçacıklarından oluşur. Toz kuyruğu elektriksel olarak nötrdür, bu nedenle güneş rüzgarıyla etkileşime girmez. Bununla birlikte, bu kuyruk Güneş'ten gelen ışığın ürettiği radyasyon basıncından etkilenir. Görece küçük olmasına rağmen, bu basınç toz kuyruğunun kuyruklu yıldızın yolundan sapmasına yol açacak kadar güçlüdür.

Hareket Dönemi ve Radyasyon Basıncı

Elektromanyetik bir dalgayı emen bir nesne, dalganın yayılma yönünde bir kuvvete maruz kalacaktır. Bu kuvvet oluşur çünkü ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Electromagnetic Waves

Elektromanyetik Dalgalar

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

radiation pressure in light and comets

Radiation pressure is the force that electromagnetic waves can exert on matter. It appears because light carries momentum, so an object that absorbs a wave feels a push in the direction the wave travels. This same force helps explain why sunlight can affect small particles in space.

Maxwell predicted radiation pressure, and Nichols and Hull confirmed it in 1903. They used a torsion balance with mirrors suspended from a fiber inside a glass container. When they shone light on one mirror, the mirrors shifted slightly. From that tiny deflection, they calculated the unbalanced force and found agreement with the predicted value.

The size of the pressure depends on the surface. For a perfectly absorbing surface, the radiation pressure equals the energy density of the wave. For a perfectly reflecting surface with the wave hitting straight on, the pressure is twice as large because the light reverses momentum when it reflects.

Radiation pressure also helps explain comet tails. When a comet nears the Sun, it warms up and releases frozen gases, rock, and dust. This forms a coma, which is the hazy cloud around the comet, and it can also create tails.

The ion tail is made mostly of ionized gases. These ions interact with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles from the Sun, and the tail usually points away from the Sun. The dust tail is different. It contains neutral dust, so it does not respond to the solar wind. Instead, sunlight’s radiation pressure pushes the dust tail away from the comet’s path.

Radiation Pressure in Light and Comets

electromagnetic waves

Maxwell’s Equations Behind EM Waves

Maxwell’s equations explain how electric and magnetic fields work together to create electromagnetic waves. James Clerk Maxwell brought together the ideas of Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and built a single theory of electromagnetism. Together with the Lorentz force law, his equations describe the laws of electricity and magnetism. A key part of Maxwell’s work is the symmetry in the equations. Faraday’s law shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. Maxwell added...

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plane electromagnetic waves i

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plane electromagnetic waves ii

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electromagnetic waves in matter

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The Poynting vector describes the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave. It tells how much energy passes through a unit area in a unit time at a specific moment. For a plane electromagnetic wave moving along the x-axis, the energy flux depends on the peak electric field E0 and the peak magnetic field B0. For high-frequency waves, the energy flux changes very quickly with time. Visible light has a frequency on the order of 10^14 Hz, so its energy flux varies too fast to track directly. Most...

momentum and radiation pressure

Radiation pressure is the force that electromagnetic waves can exert on matter. It appears because light carries momentum, so an object that absorbs a wave feels a push in the direction the wave travels. This same force helps explain why sunlight can affect small particles in space. Maxwell predicted radiation pressure, and Nichols and Hull confirmed it in 1903. They used a torsion balance with mirrors suspended from a fiber inside a glass container. When they shone light on one mirror, the...

radiation pressure: problem solving

Radiation Pressure in Light and Space

Radiation pressure is the push that light can exert on matter. When an electromagnetic wave is completely absorbed by a surface, its energy density is transferred as momentum to that surface. The rate of momentum transfer on a surface perpendicular to the wave gives the force, and the force per unit area is the radiation pressure. A perfectly absorbing surface receives this pressure directly from the incoming wave. If the surface is perfectly reflecting, such as a metal surface, and the light...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how light carries momentum, creates radiation pressure, and was measured by Nichols and Hull. See how it helps shape comet tails.

Radiation Pressure in Light and Comets | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Temel Fizik, kinematik, dinamik, akışkanlar mekaniği, statik, dalgalar ve akustik dahil olmak üzere temel fizik konularının teorisini ve uygulamasını kısa ve anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolarla tanıtıyor. Ek olarak, sektör içindeki bilim insanı videoları, dünya çapındaki günümüz laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilen klasik ve orijinal araştırma deneylerinde ilgili kavramların uygulanmasını göstermektedir.

Weather and Climate

3.3.9-12.E

Physical Science

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.V

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-4

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves And Their Applications In Technologies For Information Transfer

HS-PS4-1

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.7

PS.7.a

Alabama Course of Study Science

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

9-12.PS.2.2.e

9-12.P.3.7.c

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.19

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

P-PS4-4

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Place in the Universe

E-ESS1-2.

E-ESS2-4.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-4.

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3.3.9-12.L

Radiation Pressure in Light and Comets

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