Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

Translasyon, bir haberci RNA şablonundan bir proteini sentezleme işlemidir.
Bu süreç, bir metiyonin tRNA'sı ve başlatma faktörleri içeren bir kompleks içindeki bir ribozomun küçük alt birimi, bir mRNA'nın beş asal ucuna bağlandığında başlar. Kompleks, mRNA'yı, çeviri başlatma bölgesi olarak hizmet eden bir AUG kodonu ile karşılaşana kadar beş asal ila üç asal yönde tarar.
Daha sonra, metiyonin tRNA, AUG kodonu ile eşleşir ve ribozomun büyük alt birimini işe alır. Yeni proteinin sentezi, amino asidini taşıyan bir tRNA'nın antikodonu aracılığıyla mRNA'nın bir sonraki kodonuna bağlanmasıyla başlar.
Bu hareket, yeni amino asidi daha önce dahil edilmiş amino aside yakın bir yere yerleştirir ve iki amino asit arasında bir peptit bağı oluşur.
Ribozom dizideki bir sonraki kodona geçerken çeviri devam eder. Bu ileri harekete translokasyon denir ve ribozom bir durdurma kodonu ile karşılaşana kadar devam eder.
Durdurma kodonları, tRNA'lara sahip olmamaları bakımından benzersizdir. Bunun yerine, salım faktörleri olarak adlandırılan proteinler, durdurma kodonuna bağlanarak ribozomun yeni sentezlenen proteini serbest bırakmasına ve ribozomun ayrışmasına neden olur.

Çeviri

Translasyon, haberci RNA (mRNA) tarafından taşınan genetik bilgiden proteinlerin sentezlenmesi işlemidir. Transkripsiyondan sonra genlerin ekspresyonunun son adımını oluşturur. Bu işlem ribozomlar, protein kompleksleri ve özel RNA molekülleri tarafından gerçekleştirilir. Ribozomlar, taşıyıcı RNA (tRNA) ve diğer proteinler, translasyon son ürünü olarak bir amino asit zinciri (polipeptit) üretir.

Translasyon Yaşamın Yapı Taşlarını Üretir

Proteinler yaşamın yapı taşları olarak adlandırılır çünkü kas liflerinden kafanızdaki saç tellerine ve bağışıklık sisteminizin bileşenlerine kadar tüm organizmaların büyük çoğunluğunu oluştururlar ve bu proteinlerin her birinin planı her hücrenin DNA'sında bulunan genler tarafından kodlanır. Biyolojideki merkezi dogma, genetik bilginin transkripsiyon ve translasyon süreçleriyle fonksiyonel proteinlere dönüştürüldüğünü belirtir.

Çeviri Çekirdeğin Dışında Gerçekleşir

Ökaryotlar, mRNA'nın DNA'dan kopyalandığı zarla çevrili bir çekirdeğe sahiptir. Transkripsiyondan sonra mRNA, bir amino asit zincirine (bir polipeptit) ve sonunda fonksiyonel bir proteine çevrilmek üzere çekirdekten dışarı çıkarılır. Bu, polipeptitlerin daha da değiştirildiği sitoplazmada veya granüllü endoplazmik retikulumda gerçekleşebilir. Buna karşılık, prokaryotlarda nükleer bölme yoktur, bu nedenle prokaryotlarda translasyon, mRNA hala kopyalanırken sitoplazmada gerçekleşir.

mRNA'daki Kodon Dizisi Polipeptit Dizisini Belirler

mRNA'daki her kodon, hücrenin stokladığı 20 amino asitten birine ve ayrıca amino asitleri kodlamayan durdurma kodonlarına karşılık gelir. Diğer bir RNA molekülü olan taşıyıcı RNA (tRNA), çeviri sırasında kodon dizisine göre doğru amino asidin ribozomlara sağlanmasından sorumludur. tRNA molekülünün bir ucunda, aminoasil-tRNA sentetaz adı verilen enzimler, spesifik amino asidi bağlanma bölgesine kovalent olarak bağlarken, tRNA'nın diğer ucunda yer alan antikodon dizisi, doğru amino asidin ribozoma iletilmesini sağlar. Bazı tRNA molekülleri birden fazla kodon dizisine bağlanabilmektedir ve bu da yalpalama etkisi olarak bilinen kodlama çok yönlülüğüne olanak sağlamaktadır. Bunun nedeni, tRNA moleküllerinin, ilk iki nükleotidle karşılaştırıldığında mRNA kodon dizisindeki üçüncü nükleotide daha düşük bağlanma özelliğine sahip olmasıdır.

Bazı Kalıtsal Hastalıklar Translasyon Kusurlarından Kaynaklanmaktadır

Translasyon, çok çeşitli hücresel bileşenlere bağlı olan karmaşık bir süreçtir. Bu çeşitli araç setinin herhangi bir bölümünü etkileyen mutasyonlar hastalığa neden olabilir. Örneğin, katarakt sendromu olarak da bilinen demir depolama hastalığı hiperferritinemisi, mRNA'nın translasyonu başlatan proteinlerin toplanması için önemli olan 5' çevrilmemiş bölgesindeki mutasyonlardan kaynaklanır. Bu mutasyonlar, demir proteini ferritinin anormal derecede yüksek oranda çevrilmesine neden olarak, etkilenen hastaların kanında ve dokularında birikmesine neden olur. Bunun sonucunda göz mercekleri bulanıklaşır. Diğer hastalıklar, tRNA'ları ve ribozomal alt birimleri kodlayan genlerdeki mutasyonlarla bağlantılıdır. Örneğin kemik iliği hastalığı Diamond-Blackfan anemisi, küçük ribozomal alt birimin bir bileşeni olan RPS19 genindeki mutasyonlardan kaynaklanmaktadır.

Translasyon, haberci RNA (mRNA) tarafından taşınan genetik bilgiden proteinlerin sentezlenmesi işlemidir. Transkripsiyonun ardından, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomi ve Fizyoloji

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Temel Hücresel Süreçler

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

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types of rna

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RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell division depends on mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the stage when the cell’s nucleus divides and the copied chromosomes are separated into two sets. Cytokinesis is the step that follows and splits the cell into two daughter cells. These two processes work together to make sure each new cell receives genetic material and its own cytoplasm. Mitosis keeps the chromosome sets organized, while cytokinesis finishes the division of the whole cell. Together, they create two separate cells...

the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomi ve Fizyoloji, insan vücudunun anatomik ve fizyolojik ayrıntılarını kapsamlı, net ve ilgi çekici video animasyonlarıyla sergiliyor. Bu ders koleksiyonu insan vücudunun yapıları, bileşenleri, işlevleri ve gereksinimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bilginin gerçek dünyadaki tıp ve araştırma ortamlarında uygulanmasını gösteren eylem halindeki bilim insanıvideolarıyla tamamlanmaktadır.

The Central Dogma

Replication in Eukaryotes

Types of RNA

Transcription

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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Meiosis II

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SB2.c

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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