Name: gas cooling and heating in throttling
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:59.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.2

Joule-Thomson Effect

Joule-Thomson etkisi, adyabatik bir sistemde, yüksek basınçta tutulan bir gazın gözenekli bir tapadan düşük basınçlı bir bölgeye geçmeye zorlanması durumunda, genleştiğini ve daha büyük bir hacim kapladığını, sıcaklığını değiştirdiğini ve sonuç olarak iç enerjisini değiştirdiğini göstermektedir.
Bu adyabatik süreçte, gazın iç enerjisindeki değişim, gaz üzerinde yapılan iş eksi gazın yaptığı işe eşit olmalıdır. Terimleri yeniden düzenlemek, entalpinin korunduğunu gösterir.
Sabit entalpide basınçla sıcaklıktaki değişim Joule-Thomson katsayısı olarak tanımlanır. Karşılıklılık teoremi kullanılarak ve ısı kapasitesi ilişkisinin yerine geçerek, Joule-Thomson katsayısı, entalpinin basınç ile kısmi türevi cinsinden ifade edilir.
Kısmi türevi entropi cinsinden ifade etmek ve Maxwell bağıntısını kullanmak, sıcaklığın bir fonksiyonu olarak Joule-Thomson katsayısını verir.
Pozitif bir katsayı değeri soğutmayı gösterirken, negatif bir değer genleşme sırasında gazın ısınmasını gösterir.
İdeal bir gaz için, alçak basınç bölgesine geçerken sıcaklığı aynı kaldığı için Joule-Thomson katsayısı sıfırdır.

<ol>
	<li>Blundell, S.J. ve Blundell, K.M. (2010). Termal Fizikte Kavramlar. İkinci Baskı. New York, ABD: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları. s. 316.</li>
	<li>Rex, A (2017). Finn'in Termal Fiziği. Üçüncü Baskı. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. s. 212.</li>
</ol>

joule-thomson etkisi

Joule-Thomson etkisi, aynı zamanda Joule-Kelvin etkisi olarak da bilinir ve bir sıvının termodinamik olarak yalıtılmış bir ortamda bir valf veya gözenekli tıpa vasıtasıyla zorlandığında ortaya çıkan sıcaklık değişimini tanımlar. Bu deney bir gazın likit hÃ¢le getirilmesi ve soğutma alanında yaygın olarak kullanılan önemli bir etkidir.

Bu deneyde yüksek basınçlı gaz, bir gaz kelepçesi veya gözenekli tapa aracılığıyla düşük basınçlı bir bölgeye zorlanır. Gaz, düşük basınçlı bölgeye geçtiği sırada genişler ve başlangıç hacminden daha büyük bir hacmi kaplar. Bir gaz gaz kelepçesinden geçerken gaz üzerinde iş yapılır. Ancak gaz genişlediğinde, gazın çevreye iş yapması söz konusudur. Gazın sıcaklığı bu süreçte değişir ve dolayısıyla yeni bir içsel enerjiye kavuşur. Gazın içsel enerjisindeki değişim, üzerinde iş yapılan gazın yapılan işten çıkarılmasıyla eşit olmalıdır. Bu akış sürecinde entalpinin korunduğu (izantropik) görülür.

Basınç sabit tutulurken gazın entalpisinin azaldığı durumlarda gazın sıcaklık değişimi Joule-Thomson katsayısı tarafından verilir:

<img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/14174/14174_Equation_1.png" style="text-align: center; height: 42px;" />

Bu denklemin sol tarafındaki değişimden dolayı gazın sıcaklığı değiştiğinden Joule-Thomson katsayısı hem pozitif hem de negatif olabilir. T-p düzlemi içindeki dönüş eğrisi gazın gaz kelepçesinden geçerken ısınma ve soğuma hareketini açıklar.

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/14174/14174_Figure_1.png" />

Dönüş eğrisi, ısınma bölgesini soğuma bölgesinden ayırır. Farklı izantroplerin maksimum noktaları dönüş eğrisinde yer alır. Unutulmamalıdır ki izantrop, aynı başlangıç durumundan başlayan farklı gaz kelepçesi işlemlerinin son noktalarının yeri olarak tanımlanır. Başlangıç ve son noktaların nereden seçildiğine bağlı olarak, gaz gaz kelepçesi işlemi sırasında hem ısıtma hem de soğutma etkileri elde edilebilir.

Bir ideal gaz için Joule-Thomson katsayısı sıfır olup, ideal gazın gaz kesme işlemi sırasında herhangi bir sıcaklık değişimi olmadığını gösterir. Gerçek gazlar için katsayı, aşırı yüksek ve aşırı düşük sıcaklıklarda negatif olur.

Joule-Thomson Etkisi

Joule-Kelvin etkisi olarak da bilinen Joule-Thomson etkisi, bir sıvının bir valften veya gözenekli bir valften zorlandığında sıcaklık değişimini tanımlar ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Termodinamiğin Birinci Kanunu

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

gas cooling and heating in throttling

Gas cooling and heating in throttling is explained by the Joule-Thomson effect, also called the Joule-Kelvin effect. It describes how a fluid changes temperature when it passes through a valve or porous plug in a thermally insulated system. This type of flow is called a throttling process.

In the experiment, a high-pressure gas is forced through a throttle valve or porous plug into a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it moves into the larger volume. Work is done on the gas as it is pushed through the valve. After expansion, the gas also does work on the surroundings.

Because the temperature changes during the process, the gas reaches a new internal energy state. The change in internal energy equals the work done on the gas minus the work done by the gas. In this flow process, enthalpy stays constant, so the process is isenthalpic. The Joule-Thomson coefficient gives the temperature change when pressure drops at constant enthalpy.

The gas may either warm up or cool down, so the Joule-Thomson coefficient can be positive or negative. The inversion curve on a temperature-pressure diagram shows where heating changes to cooling. It separates the heating region from the cooling region, and the peaks of different isenthalps lie on this curve. An isenthalp is the set of end points for throttling processes that start from the same initial state.

Depending on the starting and ending points, throttling can produce either heating or cooling. For an ideal gas, the Joule-Thomson coefficient is zero, so no temperature change occurs during throttling. For real gases, the coefficient is negative at extremely high and extremely low temperatures. This effect is important in refrigeration and in the liquefaction of gases.

Gas Cooling and Heating in Throttling

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joule-thomson effect

Gas cooling and heating in throttling is explained by the Joule-Thomson effect, also called the Joule-Kelvin effect. It describes how a fluid changes temperature when it passes through a valve or porous plug in a thermally insulated system. This type of flow is called a throttling process. In the experiment, a high-pressure gas is forced through a throttle valve or porous plug into a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it moves into the larger volume. Work is done on the gas as it is...

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Learn how gas temperature changes during throttling, why enthalpy stays constant, and how the inversion curve predicts heating or cooling.

Gas Cooling and Heating in Throttling | JoVE K12

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Gas Cooling and Heating in Throttling

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