Name: how maxwell linked light to waves
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Waves and Their Applications

PS.PSc.8.2

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Elektrik ve manyetik alanları karşılıklı olarak ilişkilendiren dört Maxwell denkleminin bir boşluktaki diferansiyel formunu düşünün.
Elektrik ve manyetik alanlar için ayrı denklemler, geometrik özdeşlikler, birinci ve ikinci denklemler, kısmi türevler kuralı ve üçüncü ve dördüncü denklemler kullanılarak üçüncü ve dördüncü denklemlerin her iki tarafına da curl uygulanarak bulunabilir.
Basitleştirme, elektrik ve manyetik alanların aynı denklemi takip ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Her Kartezyen bileşenin dalga denklemini sağladığını ima eder. Yani, elektromanyetik alanlar üç boyutlu dalgalardır.
Doğal sabitler tarafından belirlenen bir hızla bir boşlukta yayılırlar.
Dalganın z yönünde hareket ettiğini varsayalım. Alanlara yönelik genel çözümler yazılmıştır.
Bu çözümlere birinci ve ikinci Maxwell denklemleri uygulanır. Sadeleştirme, alanların z bileşenlerinin sıfır olduğunu ortaya çıkarır. Yani elektromanyetik dalgalar enine dalgalardır.
Maxwell'in çözümlere uygulanan üçüncü denklemi, vektör biçiminde toplanabilen x ve y bileşenleri arasındaki ilişkileri verir. Bu nedenle, hareket eden elektrik ve manyetik alanlar karşılıklı olarak diktir.

<ol>
	<li>Griffiths, David J. (1999). Elektrodinamiğe Giriş (3. baskı). Yukarı Saddle Nehri, New Jersey 07458; Bölüm 9.2; sayfa 375–379.</li>
	<li>Genç, H.D. ve Freedman, R.A. (2012). Modern Fizik ile Üniversite Fiziği. San Francisco, Kaliforniya: Pearson; Bölüm 32.2; Sayfa 1058.</li>
</ol>

elektromanyetik dalga denklemi

Elektromanyetik alanlar için Maxwell denklemleri ya statik ya da hareketli kaynak yükleriyle ilgilidir. Bu alanlar uygun sınır koşulları kullanılarak belirlenebilen test yükü üzerinde etki eder ve bu şekilde test yükünün hareketi belirlenebilir. Elektromanyetizmaların amacı teorik olarak bu şekilde tamamlanmıştır.

Ancak, elektrik ve manyetik alanlar ilk olarak matematiksel yapılar olarak tanıtılmış olmalarına rağmen, Maxwell denklemlerinden doğal olarak şu soru ortaya çıkar: Kaynak yükler olmadığında elektrik ve manyetik alanlar ne olur?

Vakumdaki dört Maxwell denkleminin diferansiyel formunu ele alalım. İlk dereceden kısmi diferansiyel denklemler arasında doğal bir simetri gözlenir, sadece doğal sabitler hariç.

Matematiksel araştırmalar, her elektrik ve manyetik alan bileşeninin aynı dalga denklemini takip ettiğini ortaya çıkardı. Hız, vakumun birleşik doğal sabitlerinin bir kombinasyonuna bağlı olarak belirlenir: vakumun yerdeğiştirme yeteneği ve vakumun geçirgenliği. Maxwell, sayılarını yerine koyarak, bu hızın ışığın deneysel hızının çok yakınında olduğunu keşfetti.

Sonuç, gözlemlerin bağımsızlığı dikkate alındığında şaşırtıcıdır: biri laboratuvarda yükler ve akımların çalışılmasıyla ortaya çıkan elektrodinamiğin teorisi, diğeri ise ışığın hızının deneysel belirlenmesidir.

Bu noktaları birleştirerek, Maxwell, ışığın sadece elektromanyetik dalgalar olduğunu hipotez etti. Hipotez daha sonra deneysel olarak doğrulandı. Bu tarih süreci, doğayı açıklamada matematiğin önemli bir dersi olarak değerlidir. Dahası, elektrik ve manyetik alanlar yalnızca matematiksel yapılar değildir; hiçbir malzeme olmaksızın seyahat edebilirler, bu da onlara fiziksel bir anlam kazandırır.

Dalga denklemlerinin genel çözümleri bilinmektedir. Elektromanyetik alanlar süperpozisyon prensibini takip ettiğinden, dalga denklemlerinin daha genel çözümleri bu çözümlerin lineer süperpozisyonları olarak yazılabilir.

Maxwell denklemleri genel çözümlere ek bir kısıtlama uygular. Diğer dikkate değer gerçekleri ortaya çıkarırlar: elektrik ve manyetik alanlar birbirleriyle fazda, birbirlerine dik ve dalga yayılma yönüne diklerdir. Bu nedenle, elektromanyetik dalgalar teğetsel dalgalar olarak adlandırılırlar.

Elektromanyetik Dalga Denklemi

Maxwell'in elektromanyetik alanlar için denklemleri, statik veya hareketli kaynak yükleriyle ilgilidir. Bu alanlar, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Electromagnetic Waves

Elektromanyetik Dalgalar

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

how maxwell linked light to waves

Maxwell's equations show how electric and magnetic fields behave in a vacuum, or empty space. They are written as differential equations and describe fields created by source charges, whether the charges are still or moving. These fields also act on a test charge, and its motion can be found with the right boundary conditions.

The key question in empty space is what happens when there are no source charges. In the vacuum form of Maxwell's four equations, the first-order partial differential equations have a clear symmetry, except for the natural constants. From this symmetry, mathematicians found that each component of the electric field and magnetic field satisfies the same wave equation.

The wave speed depends on two vacuum constants: permittivity and permeability. When Maxwell used their values, he found a speed very close to the measured speed of light. That was a striking match because the two results came from very different places: one from electrodynamics in the lab and the other from experiments on light.

Maxwell then proposed that light is an electromagnetic wave. Later experiments confirmed this idea. This story also shows why mathematics matters in science, because it can reveal links that are not obvious from experiments alone.

The fields are not just mathematical ideas. They can travel through space without any material medium, so they have real physical meaning. The general solutions of the wave equation are known, and because electromagnetic fields follow superposition, more complex waves can be built from linear combinations of those solutions.

Maxwell's equations add more rules to these solutions. They show that the electric and magnetic fields are in phase with each other, meaning their peaks and valleys line up. They are also perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, so electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

How Maxwell Linked Light to Waves

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Maxwell’s equations explain how electric and magnetic fields work together to create electromagnetic waves. James Clerk Maxwell brought together the ideas of Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and built a single theory of electromagnetism. Together with the Lorentz force law, his equations describe the laws of electricity and magnetism. A key part of Maxwell’s work is the symmetry in the equations. Faraday’s law shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. Maxwell added...

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Electromagnetic waves are grouped by wavelength and frequency. This set of waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Radio waves have wavelengths from millimeters to kilometers. They are often used for audio communication, such as radios. In many cases, they come from alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. Radio waves also carry AM and FM radio, cellular phone signals, and TV signals. <br...

electromagnetic wave equation

Maxwell's equations show how electric and magnetic fields behave in a vacuum, or empty space. They are written as differential equations and describe fields created by source charges, whether the charges are still or moving. These fields also act on a test charge, and its motion can be found with the right boundary conditions. The key question in empty space is what happens when there are no source charges. In the vacuum form of Maxwell's four equations, the first-order partial differential...

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Transverse Fields in Electromagnetic Waves

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Faraday’s Law in a Plane Wave

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key terms and concepts

Explore how Maxwell's equations lead to the electromagnetic wave equation, show the wave speed in vacuum, and explain why light is an electromagnetic wave.

How Maxwell Linked Light to Waves | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Temel Fizik, kinematik, dinamik, akışkanlar mekaniği, statik, dalgalar ve akustik dahil olmak üzere temel fizik konularının teorisini ve uygulamasını kısa ve anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolarla tanıtıyor. Ek olarak, sektör içindeki bilim insanı videoları, dünya çapındaki günümüz laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilen klasik ve orijinal araştırma deneylerinde ilgili kavramların uygulanmasını göstermektedir.

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

PS.Phy.7.1

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.V

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Waves And Their Applications In Technologies For Information Transfer

HS-PS4-1

Tennessee Academic Standards

PHYS.PS4.5

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.7

PS.7.a

PH.5

PH.5.c

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS-PS4-5

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.P.3.7.c

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS4-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.18

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

P-PS4-2

P-PS4-3

P-PS4-5

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Place in the Universe

E-ESS1-1.

E-ESS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS9.

electromagnetic-waves-and-mechanical-waves

Electromagnetic Waves and Mechanical Waves

SP4.

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Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves Properties

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Equations of Wave Motion

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Graphing the Wave Function

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Velocity and Acceleration of a Wave

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Speed of a Transverse Wave

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Energy and Power of a Wave

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PS.PSc.8.1

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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

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Reflection of Waves

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Propagation of Waves

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Sound Waves: Interference

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Interference: Path Lengths

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Use models to explain the wave interactions of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

PS.PSc.8.3

Standing Waves

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Modes of Standing Waves: II

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how instruments that transmit and detect waves are used in everyday life.

PS.PSc.8.4

Analyze the nature of waves and their applications.

How Maxwell Linked Light to Waves

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