Name: microbial layers inside a winogradsky column
Uploaded: 2026-03-12T13:57:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

Winogradsky köşesi, mikrob çeşitliliği ve metabolizmayı incelemek için kendini organize eden, yapay bir mikrobiyal ekosistemdir.Bir cam silindirin yarı yolda organik zengin tortuyla doldurulmasıyla inşa edilir.Parçalanmış kağıt karbon kaynağı, alçı sülfat kaynağı olarak ve kalsiyum karbonat tampon olarak eklenir.Sütun suyla doldurulur ve ışığa maruz kalır.Zamanla, kolonda belirgin mikrobiyal katmanlar gelişir ve oksijen ile kükürt gradyanları oluşturur.Üstte siyanobakteriler oksijenik fotosentez yapar, oksijen üretir ve üst bölgeyi aerobik tutar.Bunun altında, kemolitotrofik kükürt bakterileri bu oksijeni hidrojen sülfü oksitlemek için kullanır.Alt anoksik bölgelerde, mor ve yeşil kükürt bakterileri anoksijenik fotosentez yapar ve karbondioksiti sabitlemek için hidrojen sülfür kullanır.Daha derin anoksik katmanlarda, sülfat indirgenciler ve fermentörler gibi anaerobik bakteriler sülfü hidrojen sülfüne indirgeler; bu sülfür yukarıya doğru difüzyon olur ve kükürt oksitleyici bakteriler tarafından kullanılır, böylece dikey bir kükürt döngüsü oluşur.

winogradsky sütunu

The Winogradsky Column

Winogradsky'nin bir köşe yazısı, tabakalaşmış, kendi içine kapalı bir ortamda mikrobiyal ekoloji ve metabolik etkileşimleri incelemek için güçlü bir araç sunar. Sergei Winogradsky tarafından 19. yüzyılın sonlarında geliştirilen bu yapay ekosistem, doğal tortularda bulunan karmaşık biyojeokimyasal gradyanları çoğaltarak araştırmacıların mikrobiyal ardıcıllık ve etkileşimleri zaman içinde gözlemlemesine olanak tanır.Kolon genellikle yarısı içinde selüloz (örneğin, parçalanmış kağıt), kalsiyum karbonat ve alçı karışımı tortuyla doldurulmuş şeffaf cam bir silindirde monte edilir. Selüloz karbon kaynağı olarak hizmet verir, kalsiyum karbonat pH tamponu olarak görev yapar ve alçı sülfat sağlar. Kalan alan gölet suyuyla doldurulur ve sütun buharlaşma ve kirlenmeyi önlemek için sızdırmazdır. Daha sonra fotosentetik aktiviteyi teşvik etmek için ışığa yerleştirilir. Haftalar içinde, oksijen ve kükürt kimyasal gradyanları gelişir ve belirgin mikrobiyal bölgelerin oluşmasına neden olur.En üst tabaka, ışık ve oksijenle maruz kalır ve siyanobakteriler ve algler gibi oksijenik fototroflar tarafından domine edilir. Bu organizmalar, karbondioksiti ışık enerjisi kullanarak sabitler, yan ürün olarak oksijen üretirler. Hemen altında, mikroaerofilik bölgede, renksiz kükürt bakterileri sınırlı mevcut oksijen kullanarak hidrojen sülfü (H₂S) oksitlerek elementsel kükürt (S⁰) veya sülfat (SO₄²⁻) oluşturur.Kolonun daha derinlemesine ilerlediğinde, oksijenin tükendiği mor kükürt olmayan bakteriler fotoheterotrofi kullanır ve büyümek için organik alt tabanlara ve ışığa güvenir. Daha derinlerde, tamamen anoksik koşullarda, mor ve yeşil kükürt bakterileri anoksijenik fotosentez gerçekleştirir. Bu organizmalar, H₂S'yi elektron bağışçısı olarak kullanır ve oksijen yokluğunda birincil üretime katkıda bulunur.Kolonun tabanında, sülfat indirgenç bakteriler (örneğin, Desulfovibrio türleri) ve fermentatörler gibi anaerobik bakteriler organik maddeyi ayrıştırır. Sülfat indirgenciler, sülfü terminal elektron alıcısı olarak kullanır ve H₂S üretir. Bu H₂S yukarıya doğru yayılır ve üst katmanlarda kükürt oksitleyici ve fotosentetik bakteriler için enerji kaynağı olarak hizmet eder; bunun sonucunda kapalı bir kükürt döngüsü sürdürür.Winogradsky sütunu, tabakalı yapısı ve dinamik etkileşimleriyle mikrobiyal ekosistemlerin karmaşıklığını ve karşılıklı bağımlılığını örnekleyerek çevresel mikrobiyolojisi ve biyojeokimyasal döngü için içgörülü bir model olarak hizmet vermektedir.

Winogradsky Sütunu

A Winogradsky column provides a powerful tool for studying microbial ecology and metabolic interactions in a stratified, self-contained environment. This ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Mikrobiyoloji

Unit

Birim

Microbial Ecology

Mikrobiyal Ekoloji

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

microbial layers inside a winogradsky column

A Winogradsky column shows how microbial layers form in a simple, sealed ecosystem. It is a clear model for studying microbial ecology and how different metabolisms interact in sediment over time.

The setup uses a transparent glass cylinder. Half of it is filled with sediment mixed with cellulose, such as shredded paper, calcium carbonate, and gypsum. The cellulose provides a carbon source. Calcium carbonate buffers pH, and gypsum supplies sulfate. The rest of the cylinder is filled with pond water, then sealed to limit evaporation and contamination.

The column is placed in light so photosynthesis can occur. Over several weeks, oxygen and sulfur gradients develop. These chemical changes create distinct microbial zones in the sediment and water column.

The top layer, which has both light and oxygen, is dominated by oxygenic phototrophs such as cyanobacteria and algae. These organisms use light to fix carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct. Just below that, in the microaerophilic zone, colorless sulfur bacteria use the small amount of oxygen available to oxidize hydrogen sulfide, or H2S. This process can produce elemental sulfur, S0, or sulfate, SO4(2−).

Deeper in the column, oxygen becomes scarce. Purple nonsulfur bacteria live here and use photoheterotrophy, which means they use light and organic substrates for growth. Still deeper, in fully anoxic zones, purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis. They use H2S as an electron donor and fix CO2 even without oxygen.

At the base of the column, anaerobic bacteria break down organic matter. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio species, use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor and produce H2S. Fermenters also help decompose the material. The H2S moves upward and becomes fuel for sulfur-oxidizing and photosynthetic bacteria, which helps sustain a closed sulfur cycle in the column.

Microbial Layers Inside a Winogradsky Column

microbial-layers-inside-a-winogradsky-column

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the winogradsky column

A Winogradsky column shows how microbial layers form in a simple, sealed ecosystem. It is a clear model for studying microbial ecology and how different metabolisms interact in sediment over time. The setup uses a transparent glass cylinder. Half of it is filled with sediment mixed with cellulose, such as shredded paper, calcium carbonate, and gypsum. The cellulose provides a carbon source. Calcium carbonate buffers pH, and gypsum supplies sulfate. The rest of the cylinder is filled with pond...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how a Winogradsky column forms distinct microbial layers, from oxygenic phototrophs at the top to sulfate reducers at the base.

Microbial Layers Inside a Winogradsky Column | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Microbial Layers Inside a Winogradsky Column

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