Name: deep sea microbes and extreme conditions
Uploaded: 2026-03-12T13:57:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

1.000 metreden daha derin deniz, 2–3 derece Celsius soğukluğu, her 10 metrede yaklaşık 1 atmosfer artan muazzam hidrostatik basınç ve düşük besin seviyeleriyle işaretlenir.Piezotolerant mikroplar, yüksek basınçlı koşullara tolere edebilen ve bu koşullar altında canlı kalan mikroplardır; örneğin Colwellia cinsine ait olanlar.Öte yandan, Moritella türleri gibi gerçek piezofiller, belirli hücresel mekanizmalar aracılığıyla yüksek basınç altında en iyi büyür ve hayatta kalırlar.Örneğin, yüksek basınç altında membran akışkanlığını ve protein stabilitesini korumak için piezofiller membranlarındaki doymamış yağ asitlerinin oranını artırırlar. Bazı türler, basınca duyarlı transkripsiyon sistemleri aracılığıyla OmpH gibi basınç kontrollü proteinleri ifade eder.2.000 metrenin altında, tortullar sülfat azaltıcıları ve metan oksitleyici organizmalar ile aşırı enerji sınırlamalarına uyum sağlamış diğer mikropları barındırır.Bu kıtlık, hücre yoğunluklarının sığ bölgelere göre çok daha düşük olmasına yol açar.

deep sea microbial ecology

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

Derin okyanus ve alt&#x131;ndaki tortullar, g&#xFC;ne&#x15F; &#x131;&#x15F;&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131; alan fotik b&#xF6;lgenin &#xE7;ok &#xF6;tesine uzanan, b&#xFC;y&#xFC;k &#xF6;l&#xE7;&#xFC;de ke&#x15F;fedilmemi&#x15F; geni&#x15F; mikrobiyal ya&#x15F;am alanlar&#x131;n&#x131; temsil eder. Fotik (eufotik) b&#xF6;lge, a&#xE7;&#x131;k okyanustaki pelajik sular&#x131;n &#xFC;stteki ~100&#x2013;200 m&#x2019;lik k&#x131;sm&#x131;n&#x131; kapsar, ancak derinli&#x11F;i co&#x11F;rafi ve mevsimsel olarak de&#x11F;i&#x15F;ir; burada fotosentetik ya&#x15F;am&#x131; destekleyen yeterli &#x131;&#x15F;&#x131;k bulunur. Bunun alt&#x131;nda, yakla&#x15F;&#x131;k 1.000&#x2013;6.000 m derinli&#x11F;i kapsayan derin deniz yer al&#x131;r ve 6.000 m &#xF6;tesine uzanan daha derin hadal hendekler bulunur. Bu b&#xF6;lge, tam karanl&#x131;k, &#xE7;ok d&#xFC;&#x15F;&#xFC;k s&#x131;cakl&#x131;klar (2&#x2013;3 &#xB0;C, hidrotermal bacalarda biraz daha y&#xFC;ksek olabilir), y&#xFC;zeyden her 10 m&#x2019;de ~101,33 kPa artan y&#xFC;ksek hidrostatik bas&#x131;n&#xE7; (&#xF6;rne&#x11F;in, 1.000 m&#x2019;de ~10,13 MPa) ve ciddi besin s&#x131;n&#x131;rlamalar&#x131;yla karakterize edilir.
Bu derinliklerde ya&#x15F;ayan mikroorganizmalar benzersiz fizyolojik uyumlar g&#xF6;sterir. Baz&#x131;lar&#x131;, &#xF6;rne&#x11F;in piezotoleran mikroorganizmalar, y&#xFC;ksek bas&#x131;nca dayanabilir ancak 101,33 kPa&#x2019;da en iyi &#x15F;ekilde b&#xFC;y&#xFC;r. Piezofil olarak adland&#x131;r&#x131;lan di&#x11F;erleri ise genellikle 30,40&#x2013;40,53 MPa civar&#x131;ndaki y&#xFC;ksek bas&#x131;n&#xE7; alt&#x131;nda en iyi &#x15F;ekilde b&#xFC;y&#xFC;r ve Mariana &#xC7;ukuru&#x2019;ndan Moritella spp. gibi a&#x15F;&#x131;r&#x131; piezofiller b&#xFC;y&#xFC;mek i&#xE7;in 70,93 MPa&#x2019;n&#x131;n &#xFC;zerindeki bas&#x131;n&#xE7;lara ihtiya&#xE7; duyar. Bu organizmalar uyum sa&#x11F;lamak i&#xE7;in, bas&#x131;n&#xE7; alt&#x131;nda zar ak&#x131;&#x15F;kanl&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;n&#x131; korumak amac&#x131;yla doymam&#x131;&#x15F; ya&#x11F; asitlerinin oran&#x131;n&#x131; art&#x131;rmak ve OmpH gibi bas&#x131;nca duyarl&#x131; proteinleri eksprese etmek gibi &#xE7;e&#x15F;itli &#xF6;zg&#xFC;n h&#xFC;cresel s&#xFC;re&#xE7;ler geli&#x15F;tirir.
Deniz taban&#x131;n&#x131;n alt&#x131;nda, mikrobiyal ya&#x15F;am derin deniz tortullar&#x131;nda devam ederek D&#xFC;nya&#x2019;n&#x131;n en b&#xFC;y&#xFC;k mikrobiyal biyosferlerinden birini olu&#x15F;turur. Tortullardaki mikrobiyal yo&#x11F;unluk, y&#xFC;zeyde yakla&#x15F;&#x131;k 10&#x2079; h&#xFC;cre/g&#x2019;dan y&#xFC;zlerce metre derinlikte 10&#xB3; h&#xFC;cre/g&#x2019;dan daha az&#x131;na kadar derinlikle birlikte azal&#x131;r. Bu d&#xFC;&#x15F;&#xFC;&#x15F;, organik madde ile s&#xFC;lfat gibi terminal elektron al&#x131;c&#x131;lar&#x131;n&#x131;n t&#xFC;kenmesine ba&#x11F;l&#x131; olarak enerji mevcudiyetinin azalmas&#x131;na kar&#x15F;&#x131;l&#x131;k gelir. Besin a&#xE7;&#x131;s&#x131;ndan zengin k&#x131;ta kenarlar&#x131;nda s&#xFC;lfat h&#x131;zla t&#xFC;ketilir ve yerini metanojenez al&#x131;r. &#xD6;te yandan, organik madde bak&#x131;m&#x131;ndan fakir derin okyanus tortullar&#x131;nda s&#xFC;lfat bazaltik temele kadar varl&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;n&#x131; s&#xFC;rd&#xFC;rebilir.
D&#xFC;&#x15F;&#xFC;k h&#xFC;cre yo&#x11F;unluklar&#x131;na ra&#x11F;men, tortullar&#x131;n muazzam hacmi tahminen 5.4 &#xD7; 10&#xB2;&#x2079; prokaryotik h&#xFC;cre bar&#x131;nd&#x131;r&#x131;r. Bu b&#xF6;lgelerdeki mikrobiyal metabolizma, yava&#x15F; par&#xE7;alanan organik maddeye ve metan, hidrojen ve asetat gibi jeokimyasal olarak &#xFC;retilen bile&#x15F;iklere dayan&#x131;r. Filogenetik &#xE7;al&#x131;&#x15F;malar, Bathyarchaeota da d&#xE2;hil olmak &#xFC;zere k&#xFC;lt&#xFC;rlenmemi&#x15F; Arkelerin ve s&#xFC;lfat indirgeyen Proteobacteria&#x2019;n&#x131;n bask&#x131;nl&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;n&#x131; ortaya koymaktad&#x131;r; bunlar&#x131;n t&#xFC;m&#xFC; yava&#x15F; b&#xFC;y&#xFC;me, kompakt genomlar ve &#xF6;zelle&#x15F;mi&#x15F; anaerobik yolaklar arac&#x131;l&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;yla a&#x15F;&#x131;r&#x131; enerji s&#x131;n&#x131;rl&#x131;l&#x131;klar&#x131;na uyum sa&#x11F;lar.

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Mikrobiyoloji

Unit

Birim

Microbial Ecology

Mikrobiyal Ekoloji

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

deep sea microbes and extreme conditions

Deep sea microbes live in one of Earth’s harshest environments. The deep ocean is far below the sunlit photic zone, which usually reaches the upper 100 to 200 meters of open water. Below that layer, the bathypelagic and abyssal zones stretch from about 1,000 to 6,000 meters, and hadal trenches go even deeper.

This region is dark, cold, and highly pressurized. Temperatures are usually around 2 to 3°C, although hydrothermal vents can be slightly warmer. Pressure rises by about 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth, so it reaches about 100 atmospheres at 1,000 meters. Nutrients are also scarce, which makes life difficult for microbes.

Some deep sea microorganisms are piezotolerant. This means they can handle high pressure but still grow best at 1 atmosphere. Others are piezophiles, which grow best under high pressure, often around 300 to 400 atmospheres. Extreme piezophiles, such as Moritella species from the Mariana Trench, need pressures above 700 atmospheres to grow.

These microbes survive through special cell changes. Many increase the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes so the membranes stay fluid under pressure. Some also express pressure-sensitive proteins such as OmpH. These adaptations help cells function in conditions that would damage most surface-dwelling life.

Life also continues beneath the seafloor in deep-sea sediments. This subsurface habitat is one of the largest microbial biospheres on Earth. Microbial density drops with depth, from about 10^9 cells per gram near the surface to fewer than 10^3 cells per gram at hundreds of meters down.

That decline reflects lower energy supply. Organic matter becomes depleted, and terminal electron acceptors such as sulfate are used up. On nutrient-rich continental margins, sulfate disappears quickly and methanogenesis begins. In organic-poor deep-ocean sediments, sulfate can remain all the way to the basaltic basement.

Even with very low cell numbers, the total sediment volume is enormous. It may contain an estimated 5.4 × 10^29 prokaryotic cells. These microbes use slowly degradable organic matter and compounds made geochemically, including methane, hydrogen, and acetate.

Many of the organisms found there are still uncultured. Phylogenetic studies often show Archaea, including Bathyarchaeota, and sulfate-reducing Proteobacteria. They are adapted to extreme energy limits through slow growth, compact genomes, and specialized anaerobic pathways.

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions

introduction to microbial ecology

Microbial Communities in Soil and Extremes

Microbial ecology looks at how microorganisms live, interact, and adapt in different ecosystems. It also shows how these tiny organisms help shape nutrient cycling, energy flow, and environmental balance. An ecosystem includes living parts and non-living parts, and microbes respond to both. Microorganisms can form populations, which are groups of the same species living together at the same time. When populations from different species live and interact in the same place, they form a microbial...

ecological niche

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methods to assess microbial populations

Measuring Microbes in Samples

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methods to assess microbial communities

Measuring Microbial Diversity and Activity

Microbial communities include bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms. They live in many ecosystems and affect important environmental and biological processes. Scientists study these communities by looking at how many species are present, how many individuals each species has, and how evenly the species are spread out. Species richness is the number of different species in a sample. Species abundance is the relative amount of each species. Species evenness describes how uniformly the...

the winogradsky column

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microenvironments

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microbial interactions: predation

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microbial interactions: competition

Microbial Competition and Niche Partitioning

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microbial interactions: parasitism

Microbial Parasites and Host Dependence

Microbial parasites depend on a host for nutrients and shelter, and this dependence often harms the host. In parasitism, only the parasite benefits. This is different from mutualism, where both organisms gain from the relationship. Microbial parasites are classified by where they live in or on the host. Ectoparasites stay on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, and take in nutrients from outside. Endoparasites live inside the host’s body and invade tissues or organs.

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How Plant Microbes Affect Growth

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Microbial Steps in the Nitrogen Cycle

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Microbial Life in the Ocean

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Deep sea microbes live in one of Earth’s harshest environments. The deep ocean is far below the sunlit photic zone, which usually reaches the upper 100 to 200 meters of open water. Below that layer, the bathypelagic and abyssal zones stretch from about 1,000 to 6,000 meters, and hadal trenches go even deeper. This region is dark, cold, and highly pressurized. Temperatures are usually around 2 to 3°C, although hydrothermal vents can be slightly warmer. Pressure rises by about 1 atmosphere for...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how deep sea microbes survive cold, dark, high-pressure waters and nutrient-poor sediments through special adaptations and slow metabolism.

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions

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