Porous Cryogenic Spinning
Porous Cryogenic Spinning - Related Videos
09:50
Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Cited by 4 •
2017
A protocol for determining the vitreous phase densities of micro- to pico-liter size drops of aqueous mixtures at cryogenic temperatures is described.
06:42
Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability
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Cited by 15 •
2020
Presented here is a protocol for cryogenic transfer of frozen samples into the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. The protocol includes directions for rotor storage prior to the experiment and directions for viability measurements before and after the experiment.
02:03
Preparation of Legionella pneumophila for Cryogenic Electron Tomography
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2025
Source: Chetrit, D., et al. Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)The video describes how to prepare Legionella pneumophila samples for cryo-electron tomography by combining bacterial culture, gold nanoparticle marking, and vitrification techniques. The process preserves native cellular structures and enables high-resolution imaging of membrane-associated secretion...
01:08
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview
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2024
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1. Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
01:08
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling
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2024
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
FAQs
Solvent crystals form as the deposited polymer solution freezes on the cooled collector. These crystals temporarily occupy spaces within and between the immobilized fibers. When the solvent is subsequently removed, the crystal locations become interconnected pores. This mechanism links freezing behavior to the scaffold’s internal architecture, creating pathways that can support nutrient transport and tissue ingrowth.
Polymer composition, spinning conditions, and freezing behavior are the main adjustable factors identified for controlling scaffold structure. Changes in these variables can alter pore architecture, surface area, and mechanical properties. Researchers can therefore tune the fabrication process toward different structural requirements, rather than treating porosity and material performance as fixed characteristics.
Rapid freezing immobilizes the deposited fibers while the material is being collected. This preserves the arrangement created during spinning and allows solvent crystals to serve as temporary pore-forming structures. The freezing step therefore affects how the fibrous network and pores develop, which in turn influences the scaffold’s available surface area and internal transport space.
The process begins by spinning a polymer solution onto a cryogenically cooled collector. Rapid freezing immobilizes the deposited fibers and permits solvent crystals to occupy temporary pore spaces. Subsequent solvent removal eliminates those crystals and leaves interconnected pores within the fibrous material. The resulting scaffold can then be evaluated through its architecture and mechanical properties.
The resulting scaffolds provide interconnected spaces for cell attachment, nutrient transport, and tissue ingrowth. These features help the material reproduce aspects of biomimetic tissue structure, making the technique relevant to regenerative medicine and broader bioengineering research. Its value lies in combining a fibrous framework with adjustable porosity that can accommodate biological and structural requirements.
Researchers can examine and adjust pore architecture, surface area, and mechanical properties through the selected polymer composition, spinning conditions, and freezing behavior. These outcomes describe both the scaffold’s physical organization and its functional potential. Together, they help determine whether the material offers suitable space for cells, transport through the pores, and tissue ingrowth.