Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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As second messengers, calcium ions bind several calcium-sensing proteins like calmodulin to generate cellular responses such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling, oocyte fertilization, and T cell activation.

Upon GPCR stimulation, phospholipase C-beta signals IP3 to increase cytosolic calcium concentration.

The binding of one calcium ion to calmodulin helps three additional calcium ions bind and induce a conformational change. The active calcium-calmodulin complex can now bind target proteins with high affinity.

For example, when the calcium concentration in the cell is high, the calcium-calmodulin complex binds calcium pumps on the plasma membrane to release excess ions.

Additionally, calcium-calmodulin also affects other second messenger–mediated pathways, such as the cyclic AMP signaling pathway.

It binds and activates phosphodiesterase to degrade cyclic AMP to 5-prime-AMP, thereby inhibiting its effect on protein kinase A.

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding si…

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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22.9 : Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

22.1 : G Protein-coupled Receptors

22.2 : Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

22.3 : GPCR Desensitization

22.4 : G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

22.5 : GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

22.6 : cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

22.7 : IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

22.8 : Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

22.10 : Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway