Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is primarily caused by chronic exposure to UV radiation from the sun, tanning booths, or sunlamps. UV exposure induces DNA photolesions, mutations in cell cycle regulating genes, and reactive oxygen species formation, all initiating carcinogenesis. Predisposing factors include skin type, age, family history, immunological state, radiation exposure, arsenic contact, and skin wounds from burns or tattoos.

Basal cell carcinoma arises from uncontrolled stratum basale cell proliferation that invades the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It typically appears as small, raised, translucent or pearly bumps that may develop into open sores, red patches, or shiny growths, commonly on sun-exposed areas like the face, scalp, neck, and hands. Early detection and surgical treatment offer the best outcomes.

Squamous cell carcinoma results from uncontrolled keratinocyte division in the stratum spinosum, forming fast-growing red scaly papule-like lesions. Unlike basal cell carcinoma, it is more aggressive and can metastasize if not removed promptly. SCC commonly appears on the scalp, ears, and hands and requires immediate surgical removal to prevent spread.

Melanoma develops from uncontrolled melanocyte division and is highly metastatic, spreading to other tissues and organs. It manifests as brown to black pigmented asymmetric patches with irregular borders and can be difficult to detect before spreading. Although less common than other skin cancers, melanoma is the most fatal and requires aggressive treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.

The ABCDE mnemonic helps identify early-stage melanoma: Asymmetry (two sides not symmetrical), Borders (irregular edges), Color (varied shades of brown or black), Diameter (larger than 6 mm), and Evolving (shape has changed). Recognizing these characteristics enables early detection, which significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates for melanoma patients.

Treatment depends on cancer type, size, location, and stage. Basal cell carcinoma responds well to surgery or topical ointments when caught early. Squamous cell carcinoma requires surgical removal or radiation therapy. Melanoma typically involves surgical excision combined with immunotherapy for advanced cases. Additional options include Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, and targeted therapy depending on severity.

Skin wounds from burns, open sores, and tattoos act as predisposing factors for skin cancer development. These injuries can damage skin cells and compromise the skin's protective barrier, increasing vulnerability to malignant transformation. Understanding these risk factors emphasizes the importance of proper wound care and sun protection to reduce overall skin cancer incidence.