Name: Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2009-12-16T16:05:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 16 s
Description: Learn to extract the endplate potential component from surface EMG using digital filtering techniques. This method reveals 30 Hz oscillations valuable for neuromuscular research and medical diagnostics.

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I would like to offer great thanks to David Carlson, Professor of English at Matsumoto Dental University, for his kind support in writing this report. I would also like to thank Tadafumi Adachi, a seminarist in our laboratory, for his compliance as a subject in this investigation.

1. Preparation of EMG electrodes
 <ol>
 <li>Begin by preparing nine electrodes. Eight of them are used for recording signals from sites over the muscle, and one is a reference electrode. </li>
 <li>After connecting the recording and reference electrodes to the amplifier, fill the discs with electric-conductance paste. Every type is OK, but a low fluid type is better.</li>
 <li>Before attaching the electrodes to the skin, have the subject down firmly, and determine the approximate location of the masseter muscle on the face. </li>
 <li>The superior tendon of the masseter muscle attaches to the zygomatic arch, and its inferior tendon to the angle of mandible.</li>
	<li>Place the eight recording electrodes onto a long piece of adhesive tape in equal inter-electrode distance, and attach the array to the skin surface. The first recording electrode is placed on the zygomatic arch, and the last one on the angle of mandible.</li>
 	<li>Finally, attach the reference electrode to the tip of the nose.</li>
</ol>
2. EMG recording
<ol>
	<li>To begin recording, first set the parameters of the multi-channel analogue amplifier (MEG6100). Set the gain to x 500, the low pass filter to 0.5 Hz, and the high pass filter to 10 kHz.</li>
 	<li>Connect the eight outputs of the analogue amplifier to an Analogue-Digital converter (PCI-MIO-16E-4). The digital signal is processed with LabView software with a sampling rate of 20kHz.</li>
 	<li>When everything is connected, record EMGs during quick chewing-gum clenching on the ipsilateral side.</li>
 	<li>The traces from the eight channels are presented on the LabView display immediately after the recording process has been completed.</li>
</ol>
3. EPP extraction and observation of its features
<ol>
	<li>To extract the EPP component, first remove the action potential component from the raw EMGs using a high-cut digital filter (Butterworth filter).</li>
 	<li>Begin applying the filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz. A slow wave that deflects in the positive or negative direction should appear. This wave corresponds to the EPP, and the difference in polarity reflects the sink-source relation of the end plate current.</li>
 	<li>When recording from the masseter muscle, the most negative deflection of the wave is expected in the trace from the most inferior recording site, and the polarity should shift around 3 sites away from that site.</li>
 	<li>The magnitude of the EPP component can be measured as a peak point of the deflection or an area during the deflection.</li>
 	<li>The polarity change of the EPP component can be determined by plotting the EPP wave from each channel against a reference channel that showed the most negative deflection.</li>
 	<li>Now by increasing the cut-off frequency, the slow wave will become oscillatory. The oscillation will increase with increasing cut-off frequency and will generally become obvious at a cut-off frequency of 30 Hz.</li>
 	<li>The phase of the wave will reverse across the trace in which the polarity of the 10Hz filtered EPP wave showed a reversal.</li>
 <li>The phase shift of the oscillation can be checked with the same graphs that were applied to the 10Hz-filtered EPP wave.</li>
 <li>From the interval between neighboring positive and/or negative peaks of the oscillation, we can get an approximation of the frequency of the oscillation</li>
</ol>
4. EMG recording results
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1653/1653Fig1a.jpg" alt="Facial muscle anatomy diagram showing temporalis and masseter muscles with labeled tendons." data-altupdatedat="1761735611000" data-alt="Figure 1 a"> Figure 1a: Shown here is a schematic of the eight sites along the masseter muscle that were recorded from.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1653/1653Fig1b.jpg" alt="Multichannel EEG data graph, voltage vs. time, brain signal analysis, inset detail showing pattern." data-altupdatedat="1761735611000" data-alt="Figure 1 b"> Figure 1b: We see a sample of the monopolar EMGs recorded simultaneously from the sites over the masseter muscle in response to quick gum clenching on the ipsilateral side. The EPP component was extracted using a high-cut digital filter with a cut-off frequency of 10Hz, which is superimposed on each raw EMG. In this trial, the most negative deflection was observed in traces-5 and -6 and the polarity changed across trace-3.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1653/1653Fig1c.jpg" alt="EEG signal graph showing brainwave activity patterns, with inset highlighting waveform detail." data-altupdatedat="1761735611000" data-alt="Figure 1c"> Figure 1c: When the cut-off frequency of the high-cut digital filter was set to 30Hz, the slow wave exhibited an oscillation. Its phase also shifted across trace 3, where the polarity of the 10Hz-filtered EPP wave changed. The interval between neighboring positive peaks of the oscillation was measured. In this subject, the average inter-peak interval was 31.7 ± 6.5 msec over 16 recordings.

<ol><li>Eccles, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aEccles%2C+JC+%22The+physiology+of+synapses%22">The physiology of synapses</a>. , 1st ed, Springer-Verlag. Berlin. (1964).</li>
<li>Mitzdorf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Current+source-density+method+and+application+in+cat+cerebral+cortex%3A+investigation+of+evoked+potentials+and+EEG+phenomena%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiol.+Rev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena.</a> Physiol. Rev. 65, 37-100 (1985).</li>
<li>Rall, W., Shepherd, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Theoretical+reconstruction+of+field+potentials+and+dendrodendritic+synaptic+interactions+in+olfactory+bulb%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Neurophysiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 31, 884-915 (1968).</li>
<li>Richardson, T. L., Turner, R. W., Miller, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Action-potential+discharge+in+hippocampal+CA1+pyramidal+neurons%3A+current+source+density+analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Neurophysiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Action-potential discharge in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: current source density analysis.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 58, 981-996 (1987).</li>
<li>Kumai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Location+of+the+neuromuscular+junction+of+the+human+masseter+muscle+estimated+from+the+low+frequency+component+of+the+surface+electromyogram%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Jpn.+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Location of the neuromuscular junction of the human masseter muscle estimated from the low frequency component of the surface electromyogram.</a> J. Jpn. Physiol. 55, 61-68 (2005).</li>
<li>Mito, K., Sakamoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Distribution+of+muscle+fiber+conduction+velocity+of+m.+masseter+during+voluntary+isometric+contraction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electroencephalogr.+Clin.+Neurophysiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Distribution of muscle fiber conduction velocity of m. masseter during voluntary isometric contraction.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 40, 275-285 (2000).</li>
<li>Tokunaga, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Two-dimensional+configuration+of+the+myoneural+junctions+of+human+masticatory+muscle+detected+with+matrix+electrode%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Oral+Rehabili%22%5BJournal%5D)">Two-dimensional configuration of the myoneural junctions of human masticatory muscle detected with matrix electrode.</a> J. Oral Rehabili. 25, 329-334 (1998).</li>
<li>Rohen, J. H., Yokochi, C., Lűtjen-Drecoll, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aRohen%2C+JH+%22Color+atlas+of+anatomy%22">Color atlas of anatomy</a>. , 6th ed, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia. (2006).</li>
<li>Wichmann, T., DeLong, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oscillation+in+the+basal+ganglia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oscillation in the basal ganglia.</a> Nature. 400, 621-622 (1999).</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>As the negative potential is considered to be formed by a flow-in of the endplate current, and the positive deflection, by its flow-out [1,2,3,4], the trace showing the most negative deflection must correspond to the site locating the neuromuscular junction [5]. Figure 1b indicates the neuromuscular junction of the masseter muscle locate in its inferior portion close to the angle of mandible, which is approximately the same as results obtained by another method utilizing the conduction manner of the motor unit action potential [6,7].</l...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Analogue filter</td><td>Nihon Kohden</td><td>MEG6100</td><td>pre-,main-amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>PCI-MIO-16E-4</td><td>PCI board for computer</td></tr><tr><td>Connection interface</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>BNC-2090</td><td>8ch BNC adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Disc electrodes</td><td>Nihon Kohden</td><td>NS-11</td><td>Ag/AgCl (&amp;#934;8mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode past</td><td>Sanshin</td><td>SA-5</td><td>Semi-fluid carbon past</td></tr><tr><td>LabVIEW (Digital filter)</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>V. 8.5</td><td>Programming language</td></tr><tr><td>Chewing gum</td><td>Lotte</td><td>Green gum</td><td>Test food in clenching</td></tr></tbody></table>

extraction of the epp component from the surface emg

Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG

A surface electromyogram (EMG), especially when recorded near the neuromuscular junction, is expected to contain the endplate potential (EPP) component which can be extracted with an appropriate signal filter. Two factors are important: the EMG must be recorded in monopolar fashion, and the recording must be done so the low frequency signal corresponding the EPP is not eliminated. This report explains how to extract the EPP component from the EMG of the masseter muscle in a human subject. The surface EMG is recorded from eight sites using traditional disc electrodes aligned along over the muscle, with equal inter-electrode distance from the zygomatic arch to the angle of mandible in response to quick gum clenching. A reference electrode is placed on the tip of the nose. The EPP component is extracted from the raw EMGs by applying a high-cut digital filter (2nd dimension Butterworth filter) with a range of 10-35 Hz. When the filter is set to 10 Hz, the extracted EPP wave deflects either negative or positive depending on the recording site. The difference in the polarity reflects the sink-source relation of the end plate current, with the site showing the most negative deflection corresponding to the neuromuscular junction. In the case of the masseter muscle, the neuromuscular junction is estimated to be located in the inferior portion close to the angle of mandible. The EPP component exhibits an interesting oscillation when the cut-off frequency of the high-cut digital filter is set to 30 Hz. The EPP oscillation indicates that muscle contraction is adjusted in an intermittent manner. Abnormal tremors accompanying various sorts of diseases may be substantially due to this EPP oscillation, which becomes slower and is difficult to cease.

The endplate potential (EPP) component can be extracted from the surface EMG using a digital filter. The extracted EPP shows oscillation with a frequency of about 30 Hz.

A surface electromyogram (EMG), especially when recorded near the neuromuscular junction, is expected to contain the endplate potential (EPP) component ...

For an ionic synapse mechanism, the post-synaptic membrane forms the sink for the current of the depolarizing potential. A negative potential field should be produced in the external medium around the end plate, with reference to a distant point which may be detectable from the monopolar surface EMG. If the potential corresponding to the endplate potential or EPP can be detected from the skin surface, it will provide useful information for various medical fields.Hi, I am Kuma with and Max Maxillofacial Laboratory in the Department of Oral Medicine at Mass University. Today I will show you a procedure for extracting the EPP component from the surface EMG. We use this procedure in our laboratory to study the EPP futures.So let's get started. Begin by preparing nine electrodes. Connect them to the amplifier in their appropriate positions.Eight of them are used for recording signals from sites over the muscle, and one is a reference electrode. After connecting the recording and reference electrodes to the amplifier, fill the discs with electric conductance paste, any type of paste will work. But a low fluid type is better.Before attaching the electrodes to the skin, have the subject bite down firmly and determine the approximate location of the masseter muscle on the face. The superior tendon of the masseter muscle attaches to the zygomatic arch and its inferior tendon to the angle of mandible using a long piece of adhesive tape. Mark eight recording sites for the zygomatic arch and the angle of mandible.Now place the eight recording electrodes onto the tape in equal inter electrode distance and attach the array to the skin surface. The first recording electrode is placed on the zygomatic arch and the last one on the angle of mandible. Finally, attach the reference electrode to the tip of the nose.With the electrodes in place, ELECTROMYOGRAM or EMG recording can commence to begin recording. First set the parameters of the multichannel analog amplifier. Set the gain to X 500, the lowpass filter to 0.5 hertz and the high pass filter to 10 kilohertz.Connect the a outputs of the analog amplifier to an analog digital converter. The digital signal is processed with LabVIEW software with a sampling rate of 20 kilohertz when everything is connected. Record EMGs during quick chewing gum clenching on the ipsilateral side.The traces from the eight channels are presented on the lab view display immediately after the recording process has been completed. Now let's see how to extract the endplate potential component of the signal to extract the EPP component. First, remove the action potential component from the raw EMGs.Using a high cut digital filter, begin applying the filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 hertz. A slow wave that deflects in the positive or negative direction should appear. This wave corresponds to the EPP, and the difference in polarity reflects the sync source relation of the endplate current.When recording from the masseter muscle, the most negative deflection of the wave is expected in the trace from the most inferior recording site, and the polarity should shift around three sites away from that site. The magnitude of the EPP component can be measured as a peak point of the deflection or an area during the deflection. By plotting the EPP wave from each channel against a reference channel that showed the most negative deflection, the polarity change of the EPP component can be determined.Now by increasing the cutoff frequency of the applied filter, the slow wave will become oscillatory. The oscillation will increase with increasing cutoff frequency and will generally become obvious at a cutoff frequency of 30 hertz. The phase of the wave will reverse across the trace in which the polarity of the 10 hertz filtered EPP wave showed a reversal.The phase shift of the oscillation can be checked with the same graphs that were applied to the 10 hertz filtered EPP wave from the interval between neighboring positive and or negative peaks of the oscillation. We can get an approximation of the frequency of the oscillation shown here is a schematic of the eight sites along the masser muscle that were recorded from. Now we see a sample of the monopolar EMGs recorded simultaneously from the sites over the masseter muscle.In response to quick gum clenching on the ipsilateral side, the EPP component was extracted using a high cut digital filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 hertz, which is superimposed on each raw EMG. In this trial, the most negative deflection was observed in traces minus five and minus six, and the polarity changed across trace minus three when the cutoff frequency of the high cut digital filter was set to 30 hertz. The slow wave exhibited an oscillation.Its phase also shifted across trace three where the polarity of the 10 hertz filtered EPP wave changed. The interval between neighboring positive peaks of the oscillation was measured in this subject. The average inter peak interval was 31.7 milliseconds over 16 recordings.We have just shown you how to extract the EPP component from the surface EMG recording. When doing this procedure, it is important to remember to set various recording parameters suitable to the EPP signal and to record EMGs in monopolar manner. So that's it.Thanks for watching and good track with your experiments.

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Learn to extract the endplate potential component from surface EMG using digital filtering techniques. This method reveals 30 Hz oscillations valuable for neuromuscular research and medical diagnostics.

Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG

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