Physiology of Emotion

The physiology of emotions involves complex interactions between the autonomic nervous system, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

The autonomic nervous system, through the sympathetic system, triggers arousal by increasing the heart rate, accelerating breathing, causing dry mouth, and dilating pupils.

In contrast, the parasympathetic system calms the body, promoting rest and recovery.

Key brain structures, including the hypothalamus and amygdala, regulate emotional responses like fear and aggression.

Damage to the amygdala impairs the ability to recognize fear and aggression in others.

The cerebral cortex is involved in emotional processing, with the left hemisphere more active during positive emotions like happiness and the right hemisphere engaged in negative emotions like sadness and anxiety.

Likewise, elevated levels of hormones like cortisol heighten sensitivity to stress, while oxytocin fosters social bonding.

Additionally, low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin lead to aggression, while dopamine is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward.