Name: Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-03-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Learn influenza virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs for virology research and vaccine development. This method produces high-titer virus through careful inoculation and harvesting techniques.

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5 minutes

The present study was supported by the NIH grants HL120947 (P.C.), HL103868 (P.C.), and the American Heart Association Grant-in-Aid (P.C.)

NOTE: General remarks: Perform all procedures involving manipulation of the egg under sterile conditions, and sterile technique should be used accordingly. Pre-clean all equipment with 70% ethanol before use. In general, influenza virus inoculation and harvest should be conducted in a BSL-2 laboratory. However, if this protocol is used to propagate much more pathogenic influenza viruses (e.g., pandemic and pre-pandemic strains, strains that pose a danger to poultry and livestock, highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, the 1918 H1N1 strain), higher biosafety levels and in some cases, biosecurity precautions and authorizations are required. The local Institutional Biosafety Committee should approve all research involving influenza virus.
1. Preparation of Eggs for Inoculation
<ol>
	<li>Obtain serum pathogen-free (SPF) freshly fertilized avian eggs from a suitable vendor. Typically, chicken eggs are used. Eggs should be used immediately upon arrival.</li>
	<li>Upon arrival place eggs in a humidified egg incubator with an automatic egg turner to rotate eggs regularly. If an automatic egg turner is not available, manually rotate eggs at least 2-3 times a day (make sure to wear gloves and keep everything as sterile as possible).</li>
	<li>Incubate eggs at 37 &#176;C and 55-60% humidity for 10-11 days.</li>
</ol>
2. Egg Candling
<ol>
	<li>Use an egg candler to examine the egg against a bright light in a dark room to check eggs for infertility by candling after about 7 or 8 days of incubation.
	<ol>
		<li>Wipe the egg candler with 70% ethanol. Change gloves often and disinfect with 70% ethanol to minimize the risk of contamination by pathogens.</li>
		<li>Remove the eggs from the incubator and place them in empty egg cartons.</li>
		<li>Turn off the lights in the room.</li>
		<li>Hold the large end of each egg one at a time against the candler.</li>
		<li>Observe the egg to determine if it is fertile or infertile. 
		NOTE: Thin blood vessels leading to a bean-shaped embryo should be clearly visible. Unfertilized eggs will appear as a small blood spot with a visible egg yolk.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Discard eggs that are unfertilized, and return the viable eggs to the incubator. Do not leave eggs outside of the incubator for more than 30 min. If the status of an egg cannot be confirmed, mark it, and observe it later.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of Virus Inoculum
<ol>
	<li>Dilute influenza virus stock to about 103 &#8211; 104 pfu/ml in sterile PBS containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). Critical step: Dilute the virus stock immediately before use and keep the diluted virus on ice all the time.</li>
</ol>
4. Influenza Virus Inoculation via the Allantoic Route
<ol>
	<li>On the day of virus inoculation (day 10 or 11), candle the eggs again and eliminate any dead embryos. Distinguish live embryos by looking for movement inside the egg.</li>
	<li>Remove three eggs from the incubator, and arrange the eggs in a separate holder with the air sac up.</li>
	<li>Mark the air space of the eggs with a permanent marker.</li>
	<li>Wash the eggshell above the air space with 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Put the eggs with the air space up in an egg carton and into a biosafety hood (BSL-2).</li>
	<li>Use a sterile 18G needle to punch a small hole in the shell over the air sac of each egg. Be careful not to insert the needle too deeply to avoid stabbing the embryo or yolk.</li>
	<li>Draw up the diluted influenza virus into a sterile 1 ml syringe and attach a 22G needle.</li>
	<li>Carefully advance the syringe with needle at a 45&#176; angle into the allantoic cavity.</li>
	<li>Inject 0.2 ml of the diluted influenza virus.</li>
	<li>Repeat the injection with the other two eggs, and then discard the syringe and needle.</li>
	<li>Seal the hole with a drop of glue from a glue gun (or melted paraffin wax). Be careful that glue does not leak inside the egg.</li>
	<li>Place the eggs back into the egg incubator with the air space pointed upward.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 4.2 &#8211; 4.12 until all the eggs have been inoculated.</li>
</ol>
5. Incubation Time
<ol>
	<li>Incubate the infected eggs without turning at 37 &#176;C and ~60% humidity.</li>
	<li>Choose optimal incubation time depending on the influenza virus type. Incubate influenza A for 48 h; incubate influenza B and C for 72 hr.</li>
</ol>
6. Influenza Virus Harvest
<ol>
	<li>After incubation period, chill the eggs at 4 &#176;C for a minimum of 4 hr (or O/N) to kill the embryo and constrict the blood vessels to reduce the risk of contaminating the infected allantoic fluid with blood. Do this to prevent the red blood cells from absorbing the virus, which reduces the yield. Alternatively, chill eggs for 30 min at -20 &#176;C; however this increases the risk of blood contamination.</li>
	<li>After the eggs have been sufficiently chilled, transfer the eggs to a biosafety hood. Place the egg into a firm holder with the air sac facing up. Clean the egg surface with 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Use sterile scissors to open the eggshell above the air sac. Remove the shell around the air sac while being careful not to destroy the chorioallantoic membrane.</li>
	<li>Open the chorioallantoic membrane with sterile blunt forceps. Gently move aside the embryo and the yolk sac with a small spatula or spoon. Take care not to rupture the yolk.</li>
	<li>Using a 1 ml Eppendorf pipette, carefully collect the allantoic fluid. If needed, tilt the egg a bit to the side to collect as much fluid as possible.</li>
	<li>Combine the allantoic fluid from all the eggs into a 50 ml plastic conical tube. Keep tubes on ice at all times during virus harvest. One egg yields 5 &#8211; 10 ml of a slightly yellowish fluid.</li>
	<li>Spin the virus-containing allantoic fluid at 1,000 x g for 10 min at 4 &#176;C to pellet debris. Transfer the clear fluid into a new 50 ml tube kept on ice. Dispose eggs into a BSL-2 waste container.</li>
</ol>
7. Storage
<ol>
	<li>Immediately aliquot the clarified allantoic fluid (e.g., 50, 100 or 500 ul aliquots) and snap-freeze in liquid nitrogen. Transfer frozen virus stocks to -80 &#176;C freezer for long-term storage.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Estimates+of+deaths+associated+with+seasonal+influenza+---+United+States%2C+1976-2007%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22MMWR.+Morbidity+and+mortality+weekly+report%22%5BJournal%5D)">Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza --- United States, 1976-2007.</a> MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 59 (33), 1057-1062 (2010).</li>
<li>Neumann, G., Noda, T., Kawaoka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Emergence+and+pandemic+potential+of+swine-origin+H1N1+influenza+virus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus.</a> Nature. 459 (7249), 931-939 (2009).</li>
<li>Tumpey, T. M., Garcia-Sastre, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pathogenicity+of+Influenza+Viruses+with+Genes+from+the+1918+Pandemic+Virus%3A+Functional+Roles+of+Alveolar+Macrophages+and+Neutrophils+in+Limiting+Virus+Replication+and+Mortality+in+Mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses with Genes from the 1918 Pandemic Virus: Functional Roles of Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils in Limiting Virus Replication and Mortality in Mice.</a> J Virol. 79 (23), 14933-14944 (2005).</li>
<li>Doherty, P. C., Turner, S. J., Webby, R. G., Thomas, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Influenza+and+the+challenge+for+immunology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Immu%22%5BJournal%5D)">Influenza and the challenge for immunology.</a> Nat Immu. 7 (5), 449-455 (2006).</li>
<li>Webster, R. G., Govorkova, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Continuing+challenges+in+influenza%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+N+Y+Acad+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Continuing challenges in influenza.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1323 (1), 115-139 (2014).</li>
<li>Szretter, K. J., Balish, A. L., Katz, J. M. Unit 15G.1 Influenza: propagation, quantification, and storage. . <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSzretter%2C+KJ+%22Current+protocols+in+microbiology%22">Current protocols in microbiology</a>. , Wiley. (2006).</li>
<li>Short, K. R., Kroeze, E. J. B. V., Fouchier, R. A. M., Kuiken, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pathogenesis+of+influenza-induced+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lancet+Infect+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pathogenesis of influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.</a> Lancet Infect Dis. 14 (4), 57-69 (2014).</li>
<li>Ito, T., Suzuki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Differences+in+sialic+acid-galactose+linkages+in+the+chicken+egg+amnion+and+allantois+influence+human+influenza+virus+receptor+specificity+and+variant+selection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Differences in sialic acid-galactose linkages in the chicken egg amnion and allantois influence human influenza virus receptor specificity and variant selection.</a> J Virol. 71 (4), 3357-3362 (1997).</li>
<li>Robertson, J. S., Nicolson, C., Major, D., Robertson, E. W., Wood, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+role+of+amniotic+passage+in+the+egg-adaptation+of+human+influenza+virus+is+revealed+by+haemagglutinin+sequence+analyses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Gen+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The role of amniotic passage in the egg-adaptation of human influenza virus is revealed by haemagglutinin sequence analyses.</a> J Gen Virol. 74 (Pt 10), 2047-2051 (1993).</li>
<li>Gaush, C. R., Smith, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Replication+and+plaque+assay+of+influenza+virus+in+an+established+line+of+canine+kidney+cells%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Replication and plaque assay of influenza virus in an established line of canine kidney cells).</a> Appl Microbiol. 16 (4), 588-594 (1968).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Influenza causes a large global burden of disease, and work continues into understanding the pathogenesis of lung injury 7. To facilitated research in this deadly disease, various methods have been developed to propagate the influenza virus 6. Here, we describe a technique to produce influenza virus in chicken eggs. The advantage of this method is that it is highly reproducible and results in large quantities of high titer influenza virus stocks, which is often necessary for in vitro studie...

Influenza A continues to be a major threat to human health. It is a potentially devastating respiratory disease with a large global burden causing up to 500,000 deaths worldwide annually 1. Influenza viruses are in the family Orthomyxoviridae and carry 8 negative-sense single-stranded RNA in their genome 1,2. The high mutability (i.e., antigenic &#8220;drift&#8221;) of the viral genome prevents long-term immunity. Moreover, influenza is increasingly resistant to anti-viral drugs 3.
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic highlighted all the challenging issues associated with influenza disease (pandemic strain, anti-viral resistance, delayed vaccine production). The vaccine formulation is determined annually by the World Health Organization for the most likely pathogenic influenza strains (one each for H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B) 4. Because this method is based on predicted influenza strains, pathogenic strains are occasionally incorrectly identified and vaccine efficacy drops dramatically. Moreover, the appearance of novel influenza strains can circumvent these preventative programs causing pandemic disease 2.
The creation of a universal influenza vaccine has been elusive 5. Therefore, research must continue into understanding the pathogenesis of lung injury. To facility laboratory research, several methods have been developed for viral isolation and propagation 6. Human influenza viruses can be amplified in a variety of mammalian cell substrates. However, generating high titer viruses in large quantities are best achieved in embryonated eggs. The following protocol describes a technique for influenza A virus propagation and storage from existing virus stocks.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Cellgro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>21-040-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VALO BioMedia</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>humidified egg incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FARM iNNOVATORS</td><td>Model 2100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>automatic egg turner</td><td>FARM iNNOVATORS</td><td>Model 3200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>egg candler</td><td>FARM iNNOVATORS</td><td>Model 3300&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18G needle</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>305196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20G / 22G needle</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>305176 / 305156</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol&gt;99.5%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>459844</td><td>diluted to 70% using water</td></tr><tr><td>glue gun &quot;Ad tech Hi Temp Project Pro&quot;</td><td>Ad tech, Adhesive Technologies, Inc.</td><td>Model 1105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glue &quot;Ad tech MINI SIZE, Multi Temp&quot;</td><td>Ad tech, Adhesive Technologies, Inc.</td><td>220-34ZIP30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MDCK cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-2935</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Washed Pooled Turkey Red Blood Cells, 10%</td><td>Lampire Biological Laboratories</td><td>724908</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

influenza virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 &#176;C and 55-60% humidity for 10 &#8211; 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 &#176;C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 &#176;C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 &#176;C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.

Multiple methods have been developed to titer influenza virus. One consideration when choosing an appropriate method is that some determine total particles regardless of viability (e.g., hemagglutinin assay) whereas others are based on infectivity, which will assess viable virions (e.g., plaque assay) 6. Here, the viral titer of allantoic fluid collected from chicken eggs inoculated with a mouse-adapted influenza virus (A/PR/8/34) was determined by plaque assay (Figure 1) and...

Fertile chicken eggs are widely used to produce large amounts of human influenza A virus as they provide a convenient and cost-effective system to prove high yields of virus.

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to produce large amounts of a high titer influenza virus, a in a cost-effective system. This is accomplished by first obtaining serum pathogen free, freshly fertilized chicken eggs. In the second step, the eggs are infected with influenza virus via the Alan Toic root.For 48 hours, the Alan Toic fluid, which contains the virus, is then harvested and the virus is snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Ultimately, plaque and hemagglutinin assays can be performed to determine the influence of virus titer of the collected Alan Toic. Fluid Visual demonstration of this method is critical as the harvesting steps are very sensitive and require careful handling of the eggs and a good knowledge of their anatomy.Before starting the procedure obtained serum pathogen free, freshly fertilized davian eggs from a suitable vendor. Immediately upon arrival, place the eggs in a humidified egg incubator with an automatic egg turner to rotate eggs regularly at 37 degrees Celsius and 55 to 60%humidity for 10 to 11 days. After seven to eight days of incubation, wearing 70%ethanol disinfected gloves.Wipe an egg candler with the ethanol and transfer the eggs from the incubator into the empty egg cartons. Then turn off the lights and hold the large end of the eggs, one at a time against the Candler. If an egg is fertile, thin blood vessels leading to a bean shaped embryo should be clearly visible.If the egg is unfertilized, a small blood spot with a visible egg yolk will be observed. Then discard the unfertilized eggs and return the viable one to the incubator. If the status of an egg cannot be confirmed, mark it for later observation on day 10 or 11 post fertilization and immediately before use, dilute an influenza A virus stock to one times 10 to the third to 10 to the fourth PFU per milliliter in sterile PBS supplemented with hippies and place it on ice.Then candle each egg again and eliminate any dead immobile embryos. Next, remove three eggs from the incubator and arrange them in a separate holder. With the air sacks up, mark the airspace of the eggs with a permanent marker.Then wash the area above the airspace with 70%ethanol and transfer the eggs airspace up into an egg carton within A BSL two biosafety hood. Now use a sterile 18 gauge needle to punch a small hole in the shell over the air sack of each egg. Taking care not to insert the needle too deeply to avoid stabbing the embryo or yolk.Then draw the diluted influenza virus into a sterile one milliliter syringe. Attach a 22 gauge needle and carefully advance the needle at a 45 degree angle into the Alan Toic cavity of the first egg. Inject 0.2 milliliters of the diluted virus into the egg, and then after injecting the other two eggs, discard the syringe and needle seal each hole with a drop of glue from a glue gun.Taking care of the glue does not leak inside the egg, and then place the eggs back into the incubator. After all of the eggs have been inoculated, incubate the infected eggs at 37 degrees Celsius and 60%humidity without turning for the optimal incubation time. Depending on the influenza virus type.At the end of the incubation period, chill the eggs for a minimum of four hours at four degrees Celsius to kill the embryo and constrict the blood vessels. When the eggs have been sufficiently chilled. Transfer them to a biosafety hood and a firm holder and clean the egg surfaces with 70%ethanol.Then use sterile scissors to open the eggshell above the air sack of the first egg. Remove the shell around the air sack. Taking care not to damage the chorio Alan Toic membrane.Then use sterile blunt forceps to open the chorio Alan Toic membrane and gently move aside the embryo and the yolk sack with a small spatula or spoon, taking care not to rupture the yolk. Next, using a one milliliter einor pipette, carefully collect the Alan Toic fluid, tilting the egg to the side to collect as much fluid as possible as necessary. Each egg should yield between five to 10 milliliters of slightly yellowish fluid as each egg is harvested.Pool the Alan Toic fluid in 50 milliliter plastic conical tubes on ice. When all the fluid has been collected, spin down the virus and transfer the clear fluid into a new 50 milliliter tube on ice. Finally, discard the eggs in A BSL two waste container and immediately Eloqua to clarified LAN toic fluid.Then snap, freeze the virus in liquid nitrogen and place the frozen stalks in a negative 80 degrees Celsius freezer. For long-term storage, influenza virus infection causes a cytopathic effect that results in circular zones of laced cells or plaques that form on a monolayer of cells. In this experiment, the plaques were visualized by staining the cells with crystal violet and 65 plaques were counted in the well with the one times 10 to the negative 12 dilution of virus because 500 microliters have diluted viral stock was cultured on the cells.In this experiment, the final titer was 1.3 times 10 to the 14th PFU per milliliter. The Hemagglutinin nation assay is a method for titering influenza virus based on the ability of the virus to attach to the surface of red blood cells. As observed, the viral suspension agglutinate the red blood cells preventing the red blood cells from settling out of suspension.A clearly negative result was observed with a two to the minus 10th dilution of virus in 50 microliters. Therefore, the final titer is 2.1 times 10 to the fourth HAU per milliliter. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to propagate influenza virus by inoculating chicken eggs, and harvesting the Atlantic fluid containing the virus.

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Learn influenza virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs for virology research and vaccine development. This method produces high-titer virus through careful inoculation and harvesting techniques.

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

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