Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember things associated with our environment. They enable us to do simple tasks, like avoid dangerous areas based on our previous experience, and remind us where we keep our stuff. To our advantage, or disadvantage, similar traits are observed in rodents, making them excellent models to study this phenomenon, which behavioral scientists do with the help of mazes.
This video will briefly review the principles and neurobiology of spatial learning and memory, generalized protocols to run experiments with different types of mazes, and how neurobehavioral researchers are using these tools in labs today.
Let's begin with a brief overview of spatial learning and memory, and general principles behind maze tests in rodents.
As an organism navigates an unfamiliar environment, it gains information regarding the location of landmarks, obstructions, and points of interest. This spatial information is either transiently incorporated into working memory, or more permanently incorporated into reference memory. The hippocampus plays a unique role in storing this information. Studies using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or fMRI have shown that portions of the hippocampus are active during tasks testing spatial learning and memory.
Behavioral researchers examine spatial learning and memory in rodents by manipulating the organism's surroundings with the help of mazes. In a broad sense, a maze is any type of artificial environment that a rodent must navigate to reach a target. Typically, these mazes employ a negative stimulus, such as light or water that pushes the animal to travel and arrive at a specific. The path as well as time taken by a rodent to complete this process serves as a parameter to quantify spatial learning and memory.
Now that you've learned about the principles behind spatial learning and memory, let's discuss general protocols of experiments involving different types of mazes.
First, let's look at the Morris water maze, which is a classical test performed to assess spatial learning and reference memory. This maze consists of a circular tank filled with water. Visual cues are arranged around the maze to associate each quadrant with a specific symbol. A platform is then introduced, and for training purposes is raised above the water. Although rodents can swim, they don't prefer to; therefore water serves as a negative stimulus and they try and reach the platform. A rodent should learn to associate the location of the platform with the location of a specific visual cue.
For testing, an animal is placed in a maze with cloudy water and a submerged platform. The amount of time and the routes the animal takes to reach the submerged platform are recorded to assess spatial learning. To evaluate reference memory, a probe trial is performed where the submerged platform is removed. The amount of time a rodent spends in the quadrant that had the platform is then recorded to assess reference memory.
The next maze that we'll discuss is the radial water maze, which is used to assess working and reference memory. As the name indicates, this maze involves eight radial arms placed in a water-filled tank. Here, water again serves as the negative stimulus, which prods the animal to find a platform placed at the end of one of the arms. Visual cues are usually placed around the maze periphery. Initially, submerged platforms are located randomly at the ends of some of the arms, and for the training trials a rodent is placed in a start arm without a platform. The rodent then swims until it reaches one of the platforms. This can be repeated several times, and the data collected during this phase can be used to assess working memory or spatial learning.
Following that, the platform used by the rodent during training is removed to assess reference memory. Researchers evaluate reference memory by recording the number of times a rodent visits the arm that contained the platform during the training trials.
Lastly, let's discuss the Barnes maze, which follows the same principles as the Morris water maze, but is dry, which makes it less stressful for these terrestrial animals.
This maze consists of a board with holes around its circumference over which bright lights are placed. Rodents are nocturnal, so the light serves as a negative stimulus. Like other mazes, visual cues are located around the board. For training trials, one hole remains open; this is the goal of the maze since it leads to a dark cage away from the aversive light.
During training trials, a rodent runs the maze several times, and spatial learning is evaluated by observing changes in the amount of time as well as routes a rodent takes to get to the cage hole. To evaluate reference memory, the open hole in the Barnes maze is covered, and recording the time a rodent spends in the quadrant where the cage hole once was, is one way to assess reference memory.
Now that we've reviewed different types of mazes, let's explore how neurobehavioral scientists are using them today.
To connect genes with spatial learning and memory, researchers perform genetic manipulations followed by maze tests. In this experiment, scientists inhibited the expression of specific neuronal genes with the help of stereotaxic surgery and then conducted the Morris water maze test. The results of the test provided information regarding the role of targeted genes in spatial learning and memory.
Mazes can also be used to evaluate how brain damage affects spatial memory. In this experiment, researchers analyzed the effect of hypoxic brain injury caused by low-oxygen concentrations on spatial memory in the radial arm water maze test. Scientists demonstrated that such damage negatively affected both working memory and reference memory.
Finally, mazes can be paired with drugs or chemicals to evaluate their effects. In this particular study, mice were treated with increasing concentrations of bisphenol A, or BPA, and tested in the Barnes maze. The results demonstrated that mice receiving higher doses of BPA demonstrated defects in spatial learning, evidenced by increased latency to reach the cage hole in successive trials.
You've just watched JoVE's video on testing spatial learning and memory with the help of mazes. This video provided an overview of spatial learning and memory, discussed different types of mazes, and also touched upon how researchers are currently using mazes to better understand the genetic and anatomical basis of spatial learning and memory. As always, thanks for watching!
Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember important details associated with our environment. Scientists test th…
Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember things associated with our environment. They enable us to do simple tasks, like avoid dangerous areas based on our previous experience, and remind us where we keep our stuff. To our advantage, or disadvantage, similar traits are observed in rodents, making them excellent models to study this phenomenon, which behavioral scientists do with the help of mazes.
This video will briefly review the principles and neurobiology of spatial learning and memory, generalized protocols to run experiments with different types of mazes, and how neurobehavioral researchers are using these tools in labs today.
Let's begin with a brief overview of spatial learning and memory, and general principles behind maze tests in rodents.
As an organism navigates an unfamiliar environment, it gains information regarding the location of landmarks, obstructions, and points of interest. This spatial information is either transiently incorporated into working memory, or more permanently incorporated into reference memory. The hippocampus plays a unique role in storing this information. Studies using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or fMRI have shown that portions of the hippocampus are active during tasks testing spatial learning and memory.
Behavioral researchers examine spatial learning and memory in rodents by manipulating the organism's surroundings with the help of mazes. In a broad sense, a maze is any type of artificial environment that a rodent must navigate to reach a target. Typically, these mazes employ a negative stimulus, such as light or water that pushes the animal to travel and arrive at a specific. The path as well as time taken by a rodent to complete this process serves as a parameter to quantify spatial learning and memory.
Now that you've learned about the principles behind spatial learning and memory, let's discuss general protocols of experiments involving different types of mazes.
First, let's look at the Morris water maze, which is a classical test performed to assess spatial learning and reference memory. This maze consists of a circular tank filled with water. Visual cues are arranged around the maze to associate each quadrant with a specific symbol. A platform is then introduced, and for training purposes is raised above the water. Although rodents can swim, they don't prefer to; therefore water serves as a negative stimulus and they try and reach the platform. A rodent should learn to associate the location of the platform with the location of a specific visual cue.
For testing, an animal is placed in a maze with cloudy water and a submerged platform. The amount of time and the routes the animal takes to reach the submerged platform are recorded to assess spatial learning. To evaluate reference memory, a probe trial is performed where the submerged platform is removed. The amount of time a rodent spends in the quadrant that had the platform is then recorded to assess reference memory.
The next maze that we'll discuss is the radial water maze, which is used to assess working and reference memory. As the name indicates, this maze involves eight radial arms placed in a water-filled tank. Here, water again serves as the negative stimulus, which prods the animal to find a platform placed at the end of one of the arms. Visual cues are usually placed around the maze periphery. Initially, submerged platforms are located randomly at the ends of some of the arms, and for the training trials a rodent is placed in a start arm without a platform. The rodent then swims until it reaches one of the platforms. This can be repeated several times, and the data collected during this phase can be used to assess working memory or spatial learning.
Following that, the platform used by the rodent during training is removed to assess reference memory. Researchers evaluate reference memory by recording the number of times a rodent visits the arm that contained the platform during the training trials.
Lastly, let's discuss the Barnes maze, which follows the same principles as the Morris water maze, but is dry, which makes it less stressful for these terrestrial animals.
This maze consists of a board with holes around its circumference over which bright lights are placed. Rodents are nocturnal, so the light serves as a negative stimulus. Like other mazes, visual cues are located around the board. For training trials, one hole remains open; this is the goal of the maze since it leads to a dark cage away from the aversive light.
During training trials, a rodent runs the maze several times, and spatial learning is evaluated by observing changes in the amount of time as well as routes a rodent takes to get to the cage hole. To evaluate reference memory, the open hole in the Barnes maze is covered, and recording the time a rodent spends in the quadrant where the cage hole once was, is one way to assess reference memory.
Now that we've reviewed different types of mazes, let's explore how neurobehavioral scientists are using them today.
To connect genes with spatial learning and memory, researchers perform genetic manipulations followed by maze tests. In this experiment, scientists inhibited the expression of specific neuronal genes with the help of stereotaxic surgery and then conducted the Morris water maze test. The results of the test provided information regarding the role of targeted genes in spatial learning and memory.
Mazes can also be used to evaluate how brain damage affects spatial memory. In this experiment, researchers analyzed the effect of hypoxic brain injury caused by low-oxygen concentrations on spatial memory in the radial arm water maze test. Scientists demonstrated that such damage negatively affected both working memory and reference memory.
Finally, mazes can be paired with drugs or chemicals to evaluate their effects. In this particular study, mice were treated with increasing concentrations of bisphenol A, or BPA, and tested in the Barnes maze. The results demonstrated that mice receiving higher doses of BPA demonstrated defects in spatial learning, evidenced by increased latency to reach the cage hole in successive trials.
You've just watched JoVE's video on testing spatial learning and memory with the help of mazes. This video provided an overview of spatial learning and memory, discussed different types of mazes, and also touched upon how researchers are currently using mazes to better understand the genetic and anatomical basis of spatial learning and memory. As always, thanks for watching!
Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember things associated with our environment. They enable us to do simple tasks, like avoid dangerous areas based on our previous experience, and remind us where we keep our stuff. To our advantage, or disadvantage, similar traits are observed in rodents, making them excellent models to study this phenomenon, which behavioral scientists do with the help of mazes.
This video will briefly review the principles and neurobiology of spatial learning and memory, generalized protocols to run experiments with different types of mazes, and how neurobehavioral researchers are using these tools in labs today.
Let's begin with a brief overview of spatial learning and memory, and general principles behind maze tests in rodents.
As an organism navigates an unfamiliar environment, it gains information regarding the location of landmarks, obstructions, and points of interest. This spatial information is either transiently incorporated into working memory, or more permanently incorporated into reference memory. The hippocampus plays a unique role in storing this information. Studies using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or fMRI have shown that portions of the hippocampus are active during tasks testing spatial learning and memory.
Behavioral researchers examine spatial learning and memory in rodents by manipulating the organism's surroundings with the help of mazes. In a broad sense, a maze is any type of artificial environment that a rodent must navigate to reach a target. Typically, these mazes employ a negative stimulus, such as light or water that pushes the animal to travel and arrive at a specific. The path as well as time taken by a rodent to complete this process serves as a parameter to quantify spatial learning and memory.
Now that you've learned about the principles behind spatial learning and memory, let's discuss general protocols of experiments involving different types of mazes.
First, let's look at the Morris water maze, which is a classical test performed to assess spatial learning and reference memory. This maze consists of a circular tank filled with water. Visual cues are arranged around the maze to associate each quadrant with a specific symbol. A platform is then introduced, and for training purposes is raised above the water. Although rodents can swim, they don't prefer to; therefore water serves as a negative stimulus and they try and reach the platform. A rodent should learn to associate the location of the platform with the location of a specific visual cue.
For testing, an animal is placed in a maze with cloudy water and a submerged platform. The amount of time and the routes the animal takes to reach the submerged platform are recorded to assess spatial learning. To evaluate reference memory, a probe trial is performed where the submerged platform is removed. The amount of time a rodent spends in the quadrant that had the platform is then recorded to assess reference memory.
The next maze that we'll discuss is the radial water maze, which is used to assess working and reference memory. As the name indicates, this maze involves eight radial arms placed in a water-filled tank. Here, water again serves as the negative stimulus, which prods the animal to find a platform placed at the end of one of the arms. Visual cues are usually placed around the maze periphery. Initially, submerged platforms are located randomly at the ends of some of the arms, and for the training trials a rodent is placed in a start arm without a platform. The rodent then swims until it reaches one of the platforms. This can be repeated several times, and the data collected during this phase can be used to assess working memory or spatial learning.
Following that, the platform used by the rodent during training is removed to assess reference memory. Researchers evaluate reference memory by recording the number of times a rodent visits the arm that contained the platform during the training trials.
Lastly, let's discuss the Barnes maze, which follows the same principles as the Morris water maze, but is dry, which makes it less stressful for these terrestrial animals.
This maze consists of a board with holes around its circumference over which bright lights are placed. Rodents are nocturnal, so the light serves as a negative stimulus. Like other mazes, visual cues are located around the board. For training trials, one hole remains open; this is the goal of the maze since it leads to a dark cage away from the aversive light.
During training trials, a rodent runs the maze several times, and spatial learning is evaluated by observing changes in the amount of time as well as routes a rodent takes to get to the cage hole. To evaluate reference memory, the open hole in the Barnes maze is covered, and recording the time a rodent spends in the quadrant where the cage hole once was, is one way to assess reference memory.
Now that we've reviewed different types of mazes, let's explore how neurobehavioral scientists are using them today.
To connect genes with spatial learning and memory, researchers perform genetic manipulations followed by maze tests. In this experiment, scientists inhibited the expression of specific neuronal genes with the help of stereotaxic surgery and then conducted the Morris water maze test. The results of the test provided information regarding the role of targeted genes in spatial learning and memory.
Mazes can also be used to evaluate how brain damage affects spatial memory. In this experiment, researchers analyzed the effect of hypoxic brain injury caused by low-oxygen concentrations on spatial memory in the radial arm water maze test. Scientists demonstrated that such damage negatively affected both working memory and reference memory.
Finally, mazes can be paired with drugs or chemicals to evaluate their effects. In this particular study, mice were treated with increasing concentrations of bisphenol A, or BPA, and tested in the Barnes maze. The results demonstrated that mice receiving higher doses of BPA demonstrated defects in spatial learning, evidenced by increased latency to reach the cage hole in successive trials.
You've just watched JoVE's video on testing spatial learning and memory with the help of mazes. This video provided an overview of spatial learning and memory, discussed different types of mazes, and also touched upon how researchers are currently using mazes to better understand the genetic and anatomical basis of spatial learning and memory. As always, thanks for watching!
Q1: What role does the hippocampus play in spatial memory?
The hippocampus plays a unique role in storing spatial information as organisms navigate unfamiliar environments. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies show that portions of the hippocampus are active during tasks testing spatial learning and memory, confirming its critical involvement in encoding and retrieving location-based information about landmarks, obstructions, and points of interest.
Q2: How does the Morris water maze assess spatial learning in rodents?
The Morris water maze uses a circular tank filled with water with visual cues arranged around it. A submerged platform serves as the goal, and water acts as a negative stimulus motivating rodents to find it. Researchers measure the time and routes the animal takes to locate the platform, with improved performance across trials indicating spatial learning and memory acquisition.
Q3: What is the difference between working memory and reference memory in maze testing?
Working memory involves transiently incorporating spatial information during a task, while reference memory permanently stores location-based information. In the radial water maze, working memory is assessed during training trials as rodents learn platform locations, whereas reference memory is evaluated by recording visits to the arm that contained the platform after it is removed.
Q4: Why is the Barnes maze considered less stressful than water-based mazes for rodents?
The Barnes maze is dry and follows the same principles as the Morris water maze but avoids water immersion. Since rodents are terrestrial animals, the dry environment reduces stress. Bright lights serve as the negative stimulus instead of water, and rodents navigate toward a dark cage hole, making the task more naturalistic and less aversive for these animals.
Q5: How do researchers use maze testing to study the effects of brain damage on spatial memory?
Researchers conduct maze tests on rodents with induced brain damage to evaluate spatial memory deficits. For example, studies analyzing hypoxic brain injury caused by low-oxygen concentrations using the radial arm water maze demonstrated that such damage negatively affected both working memory and reference memory, revealing the relationship between brain injury and spatial cognition impairment.
Q6: What does a probe trial measure in the Morris water maze?
A probe trial removes the submerged platform and measures the time a rodent spends in the quadrant where the platform was previously located. This test specifically assesses reference memory, as it evaluates whether the animal remembers the platform's location without the platform being present, indicating long-term spatial memory retention.
Q7: How can maze testing reveal the effects of chemical exposure on spatial cognition?
Researchers treat rodents with varying concentrations of chemicals and then conduct maze tests to evaluate cognitive effects. In studies using the Barnes maze with increasing doses of bisphenol A (BPA), mice receiving higher doses demonstrated defects in spatial learning, evidenced by increased latency to reach the cage hole in successive trials, demonstrating dose-dependent cognitive impairment.
Chapters in this video
0:00
Overview
0:56
Principles Behind Maze Tests
2:21
Specific Types of Mazes
6:02
Applications
7:39
Summary
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