Name: Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2016-11-12T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 44 s
Description: Learn Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR to obtain kinetic parameters of chemical exchange in small organic and organometallic molecules. This method measures rate constants and relaxation times simultaneously without signal coalescence.

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5 minutes

Funding by the University of East Anglia, the EPSRC (EP/L012855/1) and the EU (H2020-MSCA-IF-2014-EF-ST-658172) is gratefully acknowledged (MTQ).

Caution: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) before use.

1. NMR Sample Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Weigh 5 mg of N,N-dimethylacetamide, add to an NMR tube appropriate for low temperatures and dissolve in 0.6 ml of toluene-d8.</li>
</ol>
2. NMR Experimental Setup25
<ol>
	<li>NOE Spectra Acquisition
	<ol>
		<li>Perform a one dimensional NOE (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) experiment.26 
		NOTE: NOE effects can happen at any temperature. A one dimensional NOE spectrum irradiating the signal that will be irradiated in the SSTD NMR experiment, was recorded at -40 °C to make sure that the rotation and magnetization transfer in the sample used here was minimized, and therefore the NOE, if existent, would predominate and be measured in this experiment. Ideally, NOE effects between the two exchanging nuclei should not be present to avoid interferences with the SSTD method.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>SSTD NMR Experiments Setup
	<ol>
		<li>Insert the sample in the magnet by first typing ej in the command line of the software to turn on the air flow. Then, put the sample on top of the magnet and then type ij. Wait until the sample is inside the magnet.</li>
		<li>Once the sample is in the magnet, type edte in the command line. Change the temperature to the first selected temperature to carry out the experiment (295.5 K in this case). Let the sample stabilize at the chosen temperature for at least 20 min.</li>
		<li>Perform a 1D 1H-NMR experiment on the sample.
		<ol>
			<li>Create a new dataset of a 1H-NMR experiment. For this click on FILE/NEW and name the new experiment.</li>
			<li>Type sequentially and waiting for the previous command to finish: lock, atma, topshim, getprosol and rga.</li>
			<li>Type zg to acquire the proton experiment. Once it is finished type efp and apk to Fourier transform it and adjust the phase.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Create a new dataset of, for example, a 1H NMR experiment. For this click on FILE/NEW and name the new experiment.</li>
		<li>In this new dataset, type rpar in the command line. Select one of the "STDDIFF" parameter sets from the list, for example STDDIFFESGP, and click "read" and then "read all" (Figure 1). Alternatively, do this by typing rpar STDDIFFESGP all. 
		NOTE: The experiment can be performed with this pulse sequence. However, the pulse program used in our experiment was STDDIFF.</li>
		<li>To select the STDDIFF pulse sequence, click the button with three dots in the PULPROG line (Figures 2 and 3).</li>
		<li>Before carrying out the SSTD NMR experiment, calibrate the 1H 90° hard pulse (p1). For this purpose, ensure that the sample is in the magnet at the desired temperature (Step 2.2.2). Type pulsecal in the command line and copy the value of the 90° pulse at the higher power (pl1 = -1 dB in this case), i.e., the one that gives the shortest pulse (Figure 4).</li>
		<li>Introduce the values for the calibrated hard pulse in the experiment. Type getprosol 1H (value for p1 obtained in step 2.2.7) (value for pl1) (Figure 5).</li>
		<li>Set the length of the shaped pulse. Type p13 and introduce a value of 50,000 µsec (Figure 6).</li>
		<li>Set the selective pulse shape. To do this, go to Power and click the "Edit…" button next to SHAPE (Figure 7). Go to the shaped pulse 13 and choose: Gaus 1.1000 (Figure 8).</li>
		<li>Set the selective pulse power (SP13). Set it to something appropriate, i.e., on this system between 40-60 dB (corresponding to a field strength of approximately 120 Hz) (Figure 8). Excessive field strengths can lead to unacceptable saturation effects.27-29 
		NOTE: 50 dB was optimum in our case. Take into account that this is an attenuation scale, so the smaller the value the higher the power of the radiofrequency. As it corresponds to the saturating Gaussian cascade, which is applied for long time (several seconds), sp13 should not go below 40 dB (if needed, consult the instrument specifications, as long pulses at high power could damage the probehead). In our experience 41-61 dB above the attenuation of the hard 1H 90° pulse (-1 dB in this work) works fine. Try to always select the highest attenuation possible leading to similar saturation level.</li>
		<li>Type ns and set it to 8 and type ds and set it to 4.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. NMR Data Acquisition and Processing25
<ol>
	<li>SSTD NMR Experiment Acquisition
	<ol>
		<li>Open the 1H NMR experiment performed in step 2.2.3 to check where the signal that will be irradiated is. For this, search the experiment in the software browser, right click in the dataset and click "Display in a new window".</li>
		<li>Move the cursor line to the center of the signal to irradiate and write down the chemical shift in ppm. Select the spectral width that will be used in the experiment. 
		NOTE: In this case, the signal which will be irradiated is at 2.17 ppm, and the spectral width used was 1.46 ppm. Ensure that no chemical shift correction is used or the irradiation frequency can be set incorrectly.</li>
		<li>Go to the previously created SSTD NMR experiment with the setup mentioned in section 2.2.</li>
		<li>Create a list with the frequencies of irradiation. For this, type fq2list in the command line and select an existing list.</li>
		<li>Edit the list of irradiation frequencies including the following data in the 3 first rows (Figure 9): Row 1. P (indicates that the following data is in ppm); Row 2. Frequency of the signal to be irradiated in ppm, as measured in 3.1.1; Row 3.40 ppm (a frequency that is far from the 1H signals of the compound so the irradiation in that frequency does not affect the spectra).</li>
		<li>Save the list with a new name and then type fq2list in the command line and select the list just created.</li>
		<li>To center the experiment on the signals under study, type o1p and select as the center of the experiment the chemical shift of the signal that will be irradiated.</li>
		<li>Type sw to select the spectral width (1.46 ppm in this case, but any other spectral width can be chosen). 
		NOTE: If the acquisition time obtained after changing the spectral width is too long (which will introduce more noise in the spectra) it can be adjusted by typing AQ to provide the desired Free Induction Decay (FID) resolution (FIDRES, 0.25 Hz in this case).</li>
		<li>Choose the value for the interscan relaxation delay D1. Ensure that it is at least 1 to 5 times the value of the T1 of the slowest relaxing proton. 
		NOTE: We set it up to 40 sec, which is the longest saturation time (D20) in the experiment. In this way all of the experiments will keep the same total "per scan" time (delay + saturation time + pulses + acquisition time).</li>
		<li>Type D1 and set it to 40 sec.</li>
		<li>Set the first value for the saturation time by typing D20 and setting it to 40 sec. Determine the receiver gain (rg) automatically by typing rga.</li>
		<li>Create the next experiment by typing iexpno. Type D20 and select a saturation time of 20 sec in this experiment. Type rga to automatically determine rg.</li>
		<li>Repeat the last step for D20 = 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3 sec.</li>
		<li>Once all the experiments are created, open the first one and in the command line type multizg and specify the number of experiments, 8 in this case (i.e., multizg 8).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>SSTD NMR Experiment Processing
	<ol>
		<li>Open the PROCNO 1 (Process Number) from EXPNO 1 (Experiment Number) of the set (the one with the higher saturation time).</li>
		<li>In the command line type lb and set the value to 1.5. 
		NOTE: For spectra with very high signal-to-noise ratios this value could be decreased; inversely, it could be increased for noisy experiments, if the spectral resolution is not severely affected.</li>
		<li>In the command line type efp and process FID # = 1 ("on-resonance" spectrum) in PROCNO = 2 (Figure 10).</li>
		<li>Correct the phase of the experiment by clicking the Interactive phase correction button and save it as a 2D experiment. Save and exit (Figure 11).</li>
		<li>Type rep 1 in the command line to go to the PROCNO 1.</li>
		<li>In the command line type efp and process FID # = 2 ("off-resonance" spectrum) in PROCNO = 3 (Figure 12).</li>
		<li>In the command line type .md and then rep 2 to show a multiple display window with both processed spectra: 2 (the one with the signal in the middle saturated) and 3 (the one in which the saturating pulse train was applied at 40 ppm) (Figure 13).</li>
		<li>Click the button with a delta sign (Figure 13) to calculate the difference spectra and save it in PROCNO 4. Exit the multiple display window.</li>
		<li>Select an integration range for the signal on the left (the signal in which the transfer of saturation due to the chemical exchange process will be observed). Always integrate the same region in PROCNO 3 and PROCNO 4. 
		NOTE: The integration range used in this experiment was 2.55 - 2.67 ppm.</li>
		<li>Once integrated, go to the "Integrals" tab in each of the experiments and copy the value of "Integral [abs]" (Figure 14).</li>
		<li>Divide the integral in PROCNO 4 by the integral in PROCNO 3. That is the value of ηSSTD for a saturation time of 40 sec (ηSSTD =Spin Saturation Transfer Difference parameter).21</li>
		<li>Repeat the procedure for the rest of the experiments with different saturation times.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Data Analysis30
<ol>
	<li>Analysis of the Data to Get the Kinetic Parameters
	<ol>
		<li>Plot the obtained ηSSTD values versus the saturation time.21</li>
		<li>Perform an exponential fit to adjust the obtained curves to the equation 
		<img alt="Static equilibrium equation η_STD; mathematical formula; exponential decay process." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 1"> 
		<img alt="δ equals dynamic constant equation." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 2"> 
		<img alt="η_SSTD^MAX formula; efficiency optimization; research keyword; educational symbol use." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 3">= <img alt="η&lt;sub&gt;SSTD&lt;/sub&gt; symbol for static or dynamic efficiency analysis in scientific equations." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 4"> at very long saturation time 
		t = time</li>
		<li>Calculate the values of ηSSTDMAX and δ and use them to calculate the values of the rate constants (k) and relaxation times (T1A) according to the following equations: 
		<img alt="Max efficiency and delta formula; equations; educational use; mathematical analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq5.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 5"> 
		T1A = longitudinal relaxation time constant of spin A 
		k = mutual-site exchange kinetic rate constant
		<ol>
			<li>Obtain the kinetic rate constant by: <img alt="Equation showing k = ηSSTD (MAX) · δ for scientific analysis and research." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq6.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 6"></li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Eyring Plot to get the Thermodynamic Parameters
	<ol>
		<li>Plot ln(k/T) versus 1/T (T = absolute temperature), using the values of the kinetic rates at different temperatures.</li>
		<li>Perform a linear fit to adjust the data obtained to the Eyring equation: 
		<img alt="Arrhenius equation, ln(k/T)=ln(kB/h)-ΔH‡/RT+ΔS‡/R, thermodynamics, kinetics formula." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq7.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 7"> 
		<img alt="Enthalpy of activation formula, ΔH‡, in chemical kinetics equation." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq8.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 8"> 
		<img alt="Entropy of activation, ΔS‡, definition symbol, thermodynamics concept." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq9.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 9"> 
		<img alt="Planck's constant equation, h=Planck's constant, quantum physics, scientific concept." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq10.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 10"> 
		R = gas constant 
		kB = Boltzmann constant 
		T = absolute temperature</li>
		<li>Calculate the thermodynamic parameters ΔH≠ and ΔS≠.</li>
		<li>Calculate the values for EA(298) and ΔG≠(298) using the following equations: 
		<img alt="Activation energy equation: \(E_A(298)=\Delta H^\ddagger+RT\), thermodynamics, formula." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq11.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 11"> 
		<img alt="Gibbs free energy equation at 298K, ΔG‡ = ΔH‡ - TΔS‡, thermodynamics formula." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq12.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 12"> 
		<img alt="Activation energy equation, \(E_{A(298)}\), temperature 298 K, chemical kinetics concept." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq13.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 13"> 
		<img alt="Static equilibrium formula ΔG°(298) for Gibbs Energy at 298 K, equation key concept." src="/files/ftp_upload/54499/54499eq14.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Equation 14"> 
		 </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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<li>Berger, S., Braun, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aBerger%2C+S+%22200+and+More+NMR+Experiments%3A+A+Practical+Course%22">200 and More NMR Experiments: A Practical Course</a>. , Wiley. ISBN. ISBN: 978-3-527-31067-8 (2004).</li>
<li>Cutting, B., Shelke, S. V., Dragic, Z., Wagner, B., Gathje, H., Kelm, S., Ernst, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sensitivity+Enhancement+in+Saturation+Transfer+Difference+%28STD%29+Experiments+Through+Optimized+Excitation+Schemes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Magn+Reson+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sensitivity Enhancement in Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) Experiments Through Optimized Excitation Schemes.</a> Magn Reson Chem. 45, 720-724 (2007).</li>
<li>Ley, N. B., Rowe, M. L., Williamson, R. A., Howard, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Optimising+Selective+Excitation+Pulses+To+Maximize+Saturation+Transfer+Difference+NMR+Spectroscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22RSC+Adv%22%5BJournal%5D)">Optimising Selective Excitation Pulses To Maximize Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Spectroscopy.</a> RSC Adv. 4, 7347-7351 (2014).</li>
<li>Antanasijevic, A., Ramirez, B., Caffrey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comparison+of+the+Sensitivities+of+WaterLOGSY+and+Saturation+Transfer+Difference+NMR+Experiments%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Biomol.+NMR%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comparison of the Sensitivities of WaterLOGSY and Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Experiments.</a> J. Biomol. NMR. 60 (1), 37-44 (2014).</li>
<li>Origin 6.0 software. , OriginLab Corp. Available from: 
 <a target="_blank" href="http://originlab.com">http://originlab.com</a> (2016).</li>
<li>Jarek, R. L., Flesher, R. J., Shin, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Kinetics+of+Internal+Rotation+of+N%2CN-Dimethylacetamide%3A+A+Spin-Saturation+Transfer+Experiment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Chem.+Ed%22%5BJournal%5D)">Kinetics of Internal Rotation of N,N-Dimethylacetamide: A Spin-Saturation Transfer Experiment.</a> J. Chem. Ed. 74, 978-982 (1997).</li>
<li>Forsen, S., Hoffman, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Exchange+Rates+by+Nuclear+Magnetic+Multiple+Resonance.+III.+Exchange+Reactions+in+Systems+with+Several+Nonequivalent+Sites%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Chem.+Phys%22%5BJournal%5D)">Exchange Rates by Nuclear Magnetic Multiple Resonance. III. Exchange Reactions in Systems with Several Nonequivalent Sites.</a> J. Chem. Phys. 40, 1189-1196 (1964).</li>
</ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

One of the more obvious advantages of this methodology is that the rate constants and the relaxation time for a given temperature can be obtained with a single set of experiments, with a robust pulse sequence (the same used for STD experiments to study protein-ligand interactions, which is typically found within the available set of experiments from the spectrometer manufacturer). This simplifies the experimental setup since there is no need to measure T1 or reach steady state saturation. Besides, it is remarkable that this method does not depend on the magnet strength, as coalescence methods. On the other hand, the main limitation is that this technique cannot be applied to chemical exchange processes too fast or too slow, which would depend on the temperature range of the NMR machine or the solvents used.
This new technique for the calculation of kinetic parameters can be applied to a great variety of substrates and its applicability has already been demonstrated with some interesting molecules.21 The kinetic parameters of the 4-N,N-dimethylamido[2.2]paracyclophane, a challenging substrate in which the signal of one of the methyl groups of interest is overlapped with other signals from the molecule, were successfully calculated using SSTD NMR. Interestingly, this methodology can be applied as long as one of the signals of study is isolated. SSTD NMR is also a useful protocol for the calculation of kinetic parameters in molecules in which the coalescence temperature is so high that the molecule decomposes before reaching it. This is the case with PtCl2(dimethylallene)(pyridine), in which the methodology was successfully applied without the need of reaching coalescence. The choice of solvents and temperatures is critical to obtain good results, since the chemical exchange rates can vary significantly with these parameters. Moreover, in addition to the criteria in a normal NMR experiment, key steps in a SSTD NMR experiment are the selectivity of the irradiation as well as the temperature control. Both factors have to be precise to guarantee the success of the experiment.
The representative results presented here are for the kinetics of intramolecular chemical exchange, but the technique can also be applied to study the kinetics of intermolecular chemical exchange and also ligand exchange, common processes in the dynamic behavior of transition metal complexes. 
Finally, providing a proper modification of the equations is made,32 this method could be extended to deal with multi-site exchange and unequal populations, as it has been done in former double resonance experiments,8-9 increasing the usefulness of this technique for the study of chemical exchange processes in challenging compounds.

Chemical exchange commonly refers to any intermolecular or intramolecular process in which a nucleus moves from one environment to another in which its NMR parameters (chemical shift, scalar coupling, dipolar coupling, relaxation rate) differ. There are numerous examples of chemical exchange in organic and organometallic molecules (e.g., rotational barriers in biaryls, ring flipping barriers and conformational equilibrium, nitrogen inversion, ligand binding, degenerate ligand exchange and tautomerization).1-3 The chemical exchange rate is related to the thermodynamics of the barrier of the exchange process, and therefore its study is of crucial importance to understand molecular dynamics of these systems.
The classic sign of dynamic exchange in NMR is a dramatic change in the line-shape of the NMR signals as the temperature changes. At low temperatures, the process is slow and two distinct chemical shifts are observed. At high temperatures, the two signals merge into one signal, which is known as &#34;coalescence&#34;. At intermediate temperatures, the signals become very broad. This sensitivity of the NMR spectrum to chemical exchange makes NMR a very powerful method to study the dynamics of molecules in solution. Two methods have been mainly employed in the study of dynamic processes in solution: line-shape analysis,4-7 and spin saturation transfer experiments.8-9 Besides, it is also worth mentioning the inversion transfer method10 and the CIFIT program11 for the direct extraction of rate constants, that are a relatively efficient approach for exchange measurements in simple systems. Although these methods give very good results in most cases, they, however, have a number of drawbacks. The main disadvantage of the line-shape analysis is the high temperatures needed to reach coalescence in some samples.12 The main issues to consider when carrying out spin saturation transfer experiments are: the very long saturation times required to reach the steady state saturation transfer between the exchanging sites, and the need to determine the longitudinal relaxation time constant, T1, which can be difficult if there is overlap of different signals in the region of study.13
As part of our investigations in organometallic mechanisms,14-16 our group is studying the fluxional behavior of platinum-allene complexes in solution. This is a complex task that involves at least three different processes, one of them being the &#960;-face exchange or rotation of the metal around one of the allene axis. We encountered that normal VT experiments and line-shape analysis techniques that have been employed before in similar systems,17-19 were not suitable in our study, due to a very slow rotation in our platinum-allene complex that made the coalescence temperature of the signals of interest higher than the temperature of decomposition of the complex.
In order to overcome this limitation, we developed and recently reported a new NMR protocol (SSTD NMR) to study processes of mutual-site chemical exchange.20 As the name suggests this method combines the Spin Saturation Transfer method used for small molecules, with the Saturation Transfer Difference NMR method employed for the study of protein-ligand interactions,21-24 by measuring transient spin saturation transfer along increasing saturation times (build-up curves) in small molecules undergoing chemical exchange.
With this new method (SSTD NMR) we have shown that we can obtain the kinetic parameters of intramolecular chemical exchange in small organic and organometallic molecules with some additional advantages over traditional approaches: coalescence of the signals is not needed, so a more flexible temperature range can be used in the study; signal overlap does not interfere, although at least one of the exchanging resonances should be isolated; there is no need to measure T1 or reach steady state saturation; rate constant values are measured directly and T1 values are obtained in the same experiment, using only one set of experiments. Another remarkable advantage of the SSTD NMR methodology is that, in contrast to lineshape analysis, the determination of the kinetics rate constants is not limited by the increase in coalescence temperatures associated with high magnetic fields. Thus, our methodology is then very well appropriated for both low and high magnetic fields. This article is intended to help new users apply this new method to their own systems undergoing chemical exchange, and describes sample preparation, experimental set up, data acquisition, and an example of data processing and analysis in a simple organic molecule.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-dimethylacetamide</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>38840</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene-&lt;em&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Fluorochem</td><td>D-005</td><td>Flammable and toxic</td></tr><tr><td>500 MHz 7&quot; Select Series NMR Tubes</td><td>GPE LTD</td><td>S-5-500-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TopSpin 2.1</td><td>TopSpin program, Bruker Corp., http://www.bruker.com/products/mr/nmr/nmr-software/software/topspin/ (2015).</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Origin 6.0</td><td>Origin 6.0 software, OriginLab Corp., http://originlab.com.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bruker Avance III 500 MHz fitted with 5 mm broadband observed BBFOplus Z-gradient SmartProbeTM probe</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Bruker Corp., http://www.bruker.com</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bruker Avance I 500 MHz Inverse Triple Resonance NMR spectrometer fitted with a 5 mm TXI Z-gradient probe</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Bruker Corp., http://www.bruker.com</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic Spinner standardbore shimsystems (5 mm)</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Bruker Corp., http://www.bruker.com</td><td>H00804</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

spin saturation transfer difference nmr (sstd nmr): a new tool to obtain kinetic parameters of chemical exchange processes

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

This detailed protocol describes the new Spin Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance protocol (SSTD NMR), recently developed in our group to study processes of mutual-site chemical exchange that are difficult to analyze by traditional methods. As the name suggests, this method combines the Spin Saturation Transfer method used for small molecules, with the Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR method employed for the study of protein-ligand interactions, by measuring transient spin saturation transfer along increasing saturation times (build-up curves) in small organic and organometallic molecules undergoing chemical exchange.
Advantages of this method over existing ones are: there is no need to reach coalescence of the exchanging signals; the method can be applied as long as one signal of the exchanging sites is isolated; there is no need to measure T1 or reach steady state saturation; rate constant values are measured directly, and T1 values are obtained in the same experiment, using only one set of experiments.
To test the method, we have studied the dynamics of the hindered rotation of N,N-dimethylamides, for which much data is available for comparison. The thermodynamic parameters obtained using SSTD are very similar to the reported ones (spin-saturation transfer techniques and line-shape analysis). The method can be applied to more challenging substrates that cannot be studied by previous methods.
We envisage that the simple experimental set up and the wide applicability of the method to a great variety of substrates will make this a common technique amongst organic and organometallic chemists without extensive expertise in NMR.

A detailed protocol describing the SSTD NMR method is presented here to help new users apply this new method to obtain the kinetic parameters of their own systems undergoing chemical exchange.

This detailed protocol describes the new Spin Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance protocol (SSTD NMR), recently developed in our ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to obtain the kinetic parameters and processes of mutual chemical exchange in small organic and organometallic molecules that are difficult to measure by traditional methods. This method can help to understand molecule dynamics of organic and organometallic molecules undergoing chemical exchange. For example rotational variance, conformational equilibrium, nitrogen inversion, lignin exchange, and tautomerization.The main advantages of this technique are that there is no need to coalescence of the exchanging signals and that the rate constant and relaxation time are obtained in the same experiment. We first had the idea for this method when investigating the functional behavior of platinum ion complexes in solution and we realized the variable temperature align-ship analysis techniques were not suitable. For our experience in protein-lignin interactions by NMR we realized that in fact similar NMR approaches could be applied to study exchange processes in organic molecules and it turned out to be true.Add five milligrams of nn dimethyacidamide to an NMR tube appropriate for low temperatures and dissolve in zero point six milliliters of duterated tolulene. TO setup the SSTD NMR experiments first insert the sample in the magnet. One of the key steps in assisting the NMR experiment is the temperature control so be sure to let the sample stabilize at the selected temperature for at least 20 minutes.Once the sample is in the magnet, type EDTE in the command line. Change the temperature to the first selected temperature to carry out the experiment. Let the sample stabilize at the chosen temperature for at least 20 minutes.Perform a one denominational proton NMR experiment on the sample as described in the text protocol then create a new data set of a proton NMR experiment by clicking on File, new and name the new experiment. In the new data set type RPAR in the command line. Select one of the STDDIFF parameter sets from the list.To select the STDDIFF pulse sequence click the button with three dots in the pulse program line. Before carrying out the SSTD NMR experiment calibrate the proton 90 degree hard pulse P one. Type pulsecal in the command line and copy the value of the 90 degree pulse at the higher power which is the one that gives the shortest pulse.Introduce the values for the calibrated hard pulse in the experiment with the command getprosol. Next set the length of the set pulse, type P13 and introduce a value of 50, 000 microseconds. Set the selective pulse shape by going to power and clicking the edit button next to shape then go to the shape pulsed 13 and choose the Gausian pulse.Set the selective pulse power SP13 to 50 decibels. Type NS and set it to eight and then type DS and set it to four. To acquire the SSTD NMR experiment open the proton NMR experiment to check where the signal that will be irradiated is.To do so search the experiment in the software browser right click in the data set and click display in a new window. The selectivity of the irradiation has to be precise to guarantee the success of the experiment. Ensure that no chemicals of correction is used or the irradiation frequency can be set incorrectly.Move the cursor line to the center of the signal to irradiate and write down the chemical shift in parts per million. Select the spectral width that will be used in the experiment. In this case the signal to be irradiated is at 2.17 parts per million and the spectral width used is 1.46 parts per million.Next go to the previously created SSTD NMR experiment create a list with the frequencies of irradiation by typing FQ2LIST in the command line, and selecting an existing list. Edit the list of irradiation frequencies as described in the text protocol. Save the list with a new name.Then type FQ2LIST in the command line and select the list just created. To center the experiment on the signal under study type O1P and select the chemical shift in the signal that will be irradiated as the center of the experiment. Type SW to select the spectral width.Choose the value for the inter-scan relaxation delay D1.Ensure that it is at least one to five times the value of the T1 of the slowest relaxing proton. Type D1 and set it to 40 seconds. Set the first value for the saturation time by typing D20 and setting it to 40 seconds.Determine the receiver gain automatically by typing RGA. Create the next experiment by typing IEXPNO. Type D20 and select a saturation time of 20 seconds.Then type RGA to automatically determine RG.Repeat the last step for D20 equals 10, five, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3 seconds. Once all the experiments are created open the first one and in the command line type multizg and specify the number of experiments. To process the data open the process number one from the set of experiments with the higher saturation time.In the command line type LB and set the value to 1.5. In the command line type EFP and process FID number equals one in-process number equals two. Correct the phase of the experiment by clicking the interactive phase correction button and save it as a two G experiment then save and exit.Type REP one in the command line to go to the process number one. In the command line type EFP and process FID number equals two, in-process number equals three. Next in the command line type point MD and then REP 2 to show a multiple display window with both process spectra two and three.Click the button with the delta sign to calculate the difference spectra and save it in process number four. Then exit the multiple display window. Select and integration range from the signal on the left.Always integrate the same region in process number three and process number four. Once integrated go to the integrals tab in each of the experiments and copy the absolute value of the integral. Repeat the procedure for the rest of the experiments with different saturation types.To get the kinetic parameters first pull out the obtained SSTD parameter values versus the saturation time. Continue with data analysis as described in the text protocol. The hindered rotation around the amide bond differentiates both methyl groups into two signals in the proton NMR spectra.Spin saturation of the methyl group at 2.17 parts per million leads to the disappearance it's signal in the proton NMR. Upon saturation of methyl group B at 2.17 parts per million transfer of saturation to methyl group A at 2.16 parts per million due to the internal rotation can be observed by a decrease in proton intensity in the signal at 2.61 parts per million. The SSTD parameter factor is calculated by dividing the value of the integral of methyl group A in the difference spectrum by the value of the integral of methyl group A in the original spectrum.For a certain temperature the plot of the values of the SSTD parameter versus the saturation time gave exponential curves. Fitting of the curves gives the rate constant and the relaxation time of the proton of the measured signal. Plots of the SSTD parameter versus saturation time at different temperatures yielded corresponding rate constants and the relaxation times.The Eyring equation was used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters. The values obtained with the SSTD NMR are an excellent agreement with the data reported using other techniques. Once mastered a set of experiments at a given temperature to get a value of rate constant and relaxation time can be done in about three hours if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure it's important to remember that the choice of solvents and temperatures is critical to obtain good results. Since the chemical exchange rates can vary significantly with these parameters. Following this procedure other processes like kinetic soft inter-molecular chemical exchange and the lignin exchange can be also studied and besides this method could be extended to deal with multi-site exchange and unequal populations provided a proper modification of the equation is made.After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to run a spin saturation transfer difference experiments and how to use magnetization transfer to obtain kinetic and thermodynamic parameters in molecules undergoing chemical exchange. Don't forget that working with chemicals can be extremely hazardous and precautions such as safety glasses and gloves should always be taken while performing the sample preparation on this procedure.

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Learn Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR to obtain kinetic parameters of chemical exchange in small organic and organometallic molecules. This method measures rate constants and relaxation times simultaneously without signal coalescence.

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

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