Name: A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2017-03-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 15 s
Description: Learn to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice using targeted peripheral irradiation and measure voluntary wheel-running activity. This method helps researchers study fatigue mechanisms related to radiation effects.

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5 minutes

The authors would like to thank Michele Allen of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for generously sharing her expertise in murine phenotyping methods and for her ongoing technical assistance, as well as for Timothy Hunt of NHLBI for helping us develop the shielding device. This study is supported by the Division of Intramural Research of the National Institute of Nursing Research of the NIH, and part of the validation trial is supported by a grant from the Oncology Nursing Society Foundation.

Ethics Statement: This study was approved by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Animal Care and Use Committee. All investigators taking part in animal handling and measurement of study outcomes were properly trained by the NIH Office of Animal Care and Use and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Murine Phenotyping Core. All aspects of animal testing, housing, and environmental conditions used in this study were in compliance with The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals11.
1. Housing and Experimental Animals
NOTE: House male C57BL/6 mice (roughly five weeks old upon arrival) individually throughout the experiment and provide ad libitum access to food and water. All cages are kept on a 12:12 h light-dark cycle with the light phase beginning at 6 am and dark phase at 6 pm.
<ol>
	<li>Identify the mice and assign them to individual standard ventilated mouse cages. Allow 24 h after the identification procedure for recovery. 
	NOTE: Tail tattoo is recommended as a means of identification to eliminate the possibility that an ear tag could get caught in a running wheel. Tattoo a number on the tail of each mouse, with the number on the tail matching the number written on the mouse&#39;s cage.</li>
	<li>Allow mice to acclimate to their cages for at least three more days, handling each mouse gently for a period of three minutes per day.</li>
</ol>
2. Running Wheel Acclimation and Baseline
<ol>
	<li>Introduce the mice to individual VWRA cages, each equipped with a running wheel connected to an electronic counter for continuous recording. 
	NOTE: All wheel counters connect to a computer through a single USB interface (see Materials List). The computer software calculates the number of wheel rotations, distance traveled, and average speed across each designated time interval of the specified total duration. Once the recording stops, the data are automatically saved both as text and as spreadsheets.</li>
	<li>Initiate recording of VWRA through the computer software interface. Set recording intervals to one hour and the duration to at least five days. Continue recording VWRA for at least five days. 
	NOTE: At the end of step 2.2, all mice should achieve a relatively consistent amount of daily wheel running activity. If not, then identify and exclude any outliers.</li>
	<li>Stop VWRA recording through the software interface, and return the mice to their standard cages described in step 1.1 (cages without running wheels).</li>
	<li>Randomize mice into either sham-irradiated control or irradiated groups.</li>
</ol>
3. Irradiation
Note: Perform the following steps for all mice in both groups, once per day for three sequential days. Treat mice in the same order each day.
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize each mouse by intraperitoneal injection of a ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) mixture.</li>
	<li>Confirm anesthesia with a toe pinch and use ointment on the eyes to prevent dryness while under anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Transfer the anesthetized mouse into a lead shielding device. Arrange the mouse in the shielding so that only the lower abdominal/pelvic region is exposed. 
	NOTE: The shielding is composed of two lead &#34;boxes,&#34; with a narrow open space in between that allows radiation exposure to a small, targeted region of the mouse (see Figure 1).</li>
	<li>Use medical tape to secure the base of the mouse&#39;s tail in position within the shielding. 
	NOTE: Step 3.4 is optional, but doing so can help ensure that the position of the mouse does not change during the following step.</li>
	<li>Transport the shielding device into the irradiator, ensuring that the animal position within the shielding is maintained.</li>
	<li>If the mouse is in the irradiation group, deliver 800 cGy at a dose rate of about 110 cGy/min. If the mouse is in the sham-irradiation control group, leave the mouse in the inactive irradiator for the equivalent time. 
	NOTE: Optimal irradiator settings will depend on the particular device. The dose rate of 110 cGy/min delivered from a 137Cesium source is the central dose rate of the irradiator used here. The exposure time was adjusted to reach the desired total dose of 800 cGy.</li>
	<li>Remove the mouse from the irradiator and shielding, and then return it to its original, standard cage mentioned in step 1.1.</li>
	<li>Continuously monitor the mouse until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency.</li>
</ol>
4. Radiation-induced Fatigue Measurement
<ol>
	<li>On the day after completion of three successive days of irradiation, transfer the mice to their individual VWRA cages described in step 2.1.</li>
	<li>Record VWRA, as described in step 2.2, except here setting the recording duration to more than 15 days. At the end of the 15 days, manually stop VWRA recording through the software interface. 
	NOTE: The data from each recording period are automatically saved as spreadsheets, each of which includes the rotation, distance, and speed measurements for all animals (columns) and at all intervals (rows) throughout the duration of recording. At the end of the experiment, there are two spreadsheets generated by the recording software: one for the pre-irradiation VWRA, and one for the post-irradiation VWRA.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Meijer, J. H., Robbers, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Wheel+running+in+the+wild%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Biol+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Wheel running in the wild.</a> Proc Biol Sci. 281 (1786), (2014).</li>
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<li>Heredia, L., Torrente, M., Domingo, J. L., Colomina, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Individual+housing+and+handling+procedures+modify+anxiety+levels+of+Tg2576+mice+assessed+in+the+zero+maze+test%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiol+Behav%22%5BJournal%5D)">Individual housing and handling procedures modify anxiety levels of Tg2576 mice assessed in the zero maze test.</a> Physiol Behav. 107 (2), 187-191 (2012).</li>
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<li>Knab, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Repeatability+of+exercise+behaviors+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiol+Behav%22%5BJournal%5D)">Repeatability of exercise behaviors in mice.</a> Physiol Behav. 98 (4), 433-440 (2009).</li>
<li>Novak, C. M., Burghardt, P. R., Levine, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+use+of+a+running+wheel+to+measure+activity+in+rodents%3A+relationship+to+energy+balance%2C+general+activity%2C+and+reward%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurosci+Biobehav+Rev%22%5BJournal%5D)">The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 36 (3), 1001-1014 (2012).</li>
<li>Mineur, Y. S., Belzung, C., Crusio, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+unpredictable+chronic+mild+stress+on+anxiety+and+depression-like+behavior+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav+Brain+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress on anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice.</a> Behav Brain Res. 175 (1), 43-50 (2006).</li>
<li>Perhach, J. L. Jr, Barry, H. 3rd <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Stress+responses+of+rats+to+acute+body+or+neck+restraint%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiol+Behav%22%5BJournal%5D)">Stress responses of rats to acute body or neck restraint.</a> Physiol Behav. 5 (4), 443-448 (1970).</li>
<li>Iwakawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Different+radiation+susceptibility+among+five+strains+of+mice+detected+by+a+skin+reaction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Radiat+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Different radiation susceptibility among five strains of mice detected by a skin reaction.</a> J Radiat Res. 44 (1), 7-13 (2003).</li>
<li>Travis, E. L., Peters, L. J., McNeill, J., Thames, H. D. Jr, Karolis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effect+of+dose-rate+on+total+body+irradiation%3A+lethality+and+pathologic+findings%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Radiother+Oncol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effect of dose-rate on total body irradiation: lethality and pathologic findings.</a> Radiother Oncol. 4 (4), 341-351 (1985).</li>
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This research was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health.

We have described a protocol using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce a reduction of VWRA in mice without confounding morbidity or mortality. Importantly, a simple shielding device allows irradiation in this protocol to target a desired region consistently, mimicking the radiation treatments received by patients with pelvic cancer. In contrast to existing CRF models involving brain or total body irradiation8,9, this model explores how a peripherally-target...

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments1. The fatigue is neither proportional to recent activity nor alleviated by rest, and it is associated with a wide variety of disturbances related to mood, motivation, attention, and cognition2. The biological causes of CRF are unknown, though it has been shown in many cases to correlate with inflammation and cytokine levels, also in some cases with hemoglobin levels and the function of various hormone systems (see Saligan et al.3 for a review of biological studies of CRF).
Controlled studies using animal models are necessary to understand the behavior and biology associated with this complex condition. While tumor-related4 or chemotherapy-related5,6 fatigue has been studied in rodent models, the etiology of CRF may be treatment-specific. To investigate CRF related to radiation therapy, our group has recently developed a mouse model of irradiation-induced fatigue7. In contrast to existing CRF models involving brain or total body irradiation8,9, this model explores how a change in centrally-driven behavior, like fatigue, can be triggered by a peripherally-targeted irradiation procedure.
The procedure described here is designed to model radiation therapy administered to patients with pelvic cancer, using lead shielding to target the lower abdominal/pelvic region with irradiation. However, by modifying the lead shielding or its placement relative to experimental animals, this procedure could be adapted to model irradiation of other parts of the body. Voluntary wheel-running activity (VWRA) is used to measure fatigue-like behavior; because it&#39;s a voluntary and normal behavior10, it should allow the concurrent use of other behavioral and biological tests. We have found that peripheral irradiation is sufficient to reduce VWRA in mice without causing overt morbidity7. Future experiments with this model may help reveal effects of peripheral irradiation on immune and other biological signaling, as well as the downstream changes in the central nervous system that can produce deficits associated with CRF.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C57BL/6 Mice</td><td>Charles River</td><td></td><td>Strain code 027 (http://www.criver.com/products-services/basic-research/find-a-model/c57bl-6n-mouse)</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine HCl</td><td>Putney</td><td></td><td>100 mg/mL stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine HCl</td><td>Lloyd Laboratories</td><td></td><td>100 mg/mL stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Rodent Tattoo System</td><td>AIMS</td><td>ATS-3</td><td>http://animalid.com/lab-animal-identification-systems/ats-3-general-rodent-tattoo-system</td></tr><tr><td>Lead Shielding Apparatus</td><td>(custom made)</td><td></td><td>One-inch thick lead shielding arranged as two boxes with a one-inch thick gap between them for targeted irradiation</td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass shielding container</td><td>(custom made)</td><td></td><td>Plexiglass container filled with styrofoam. Styrofoam cutouts hold the lead shielding in place.</td></tr><tr><td>GammaCell 40 Exactor</td><td>Best Theratronics</td><td></td><td>http://www.theratronics.ca/product_gamma40.html</td></tr><tr><td>RAD Disk Ultra</td><td>Best Theratronics</td><td></td><td>http://www.theratronics.ca/product_rad.html</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Single Activity Wheel Chamber</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#80820</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=980</td></tr><tr><td>Activity Wheel Counter for Computer Monitoring</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86061</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1052</td></tr><tr><td>Modular Cable for Wheel Counters</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86051-7</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1046</td></tr><tr><td>USB Computer Interface for Activity Wheel Counters</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86056A</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1047</td></tr><tr><td>Activity Wheel Monitor Software</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86065</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1053</td></tr></tbody></table>

a mouse model of fatigue induced by peripheral irradiation

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. Here we describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. With appropriate shielding, the irradiation targets the lower abdominal/pelvic region of the mouse, sparing the brain, in an effort to model radiation treatment received by individuals with pelvic cancers. We deliver an irradiation dose that is sufficient to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice, measured by voluntary wheel-running activity (VWRA), without causing obvious morbidity. Since wheel running is a normal, voluntary behavior in mice, its use should have little confounding effect on other behavioral tests or biological measures. Hence, wheel running can be used as a feasible outcome measure in understanding the behavioral and biological correlates of fatigue. CRF is a complex condition with frequent comorbidities, and likely has causes related both to cancer and its various treatments. The methods described in this paper are useful for investigating radiation-induced changes that contribute to the development of CRF and, more generally, to explore the biological networks that can explain the development and persistence of a peripherally-triggered but centrally-driven behavior like fatigue.

Three batches of mice were run through the protocol described above. There were a total of 16 sham and 20 irradiated (2,400 cGy, 3 x 800 cGy/day) mice. After three consecutive days of irradiation, the irradiated group showed significantly reduced VWRA compared to sham (mixed repeated measures ANOVA: main effect of irradiation treatment, F1,13 = 19.233, p &lt; 0.001). The effect was significant for the first seven days after irradiation (simple main effects, p &lt; 0.05 with Bon...

We describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. The selected non-lethal irradiation dose leads to a week-long reduction in voluntary wheel-running activity.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure fatigue-like behavior induced by peripheral irradiation. This method can help answer key questions about fatigue and, in particular, fatigue related to irradiation. For example, it can be used to explore the different roles of the immune system and the central nervous system in fatigue after irradiation.The main advantage of this technique is that it specifically uses peripheral irradiation to affect essentially driven fatigue behavior. Begin by randomizing the mice into either sham irradiated control or irradiated groups. Then, identify five-week-old, male mice by tail tattoo, and assign each mouse to an individual, standard ventilated mouse cage.Allow mice to acclimate to their cages for at least three more days, handling each mouse gently for a period of three minutes per day. Next, introduce the mice to individual, voluntary wheel-running activity, or VWRA, cages, each equipped with a running wheel connected to an electronic counter for continuous recording. Initiate recording of VWRA through the computer software interface.Set recording intervals to one hour and the duration to at least five days. Finally, after five days, stop VWRA recording through the software interface, and return the mice to their standard cages without running wheels. After anesthetizing the mouse, confirm that the anesthesia was effective with a toe pinch.Use ointment on the eyes to prevent dryness. Next, transfer the anesthetized mouse into a lead shielding device. Arrange the mouse in the shielding so that only the lower abdominal and pelvic region is exposed.Then, use medical tape to secure the base of the mouse's tail in position within the shielding to ensure that the position does not change during irradiation. If the mouse is in the irradiation group, deliver 800 centigray at a dose rate of about 110 centigray per minute. If the mouse is in the sham irradiation control group, leave the mouse in the inactive irradiator for the equivalent time.After irradiation is complete, remove the mouse from the irradiator and shielding and return it to its original standard cage. Monitor the mouse continuously until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency. After three successive days of irradiation, transfer the mice into their individual VWRA cages.Finally, to capture radiation-induced fatigue, record VWRA for 15 days. The effect was significant for the first seven days after radiation, with the lowest mean VWRA distance occurring on the third day after radiation. Here, the distribution of the change in VWRA from before to after irradiation is shown.While the majority of mice tested showed fatigue-like symptoms, there was a small number of mice that showed little change or even an increase in VWRA. While attempting this procedure, it's important to make sure the mice are completely anesthetized during irradiation since any movements may affect the irradiation targeting and dosage. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use peripherally targeted irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice.

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Learn to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice using targeted peripheral irradiation and measure voluntary wheel-running activity. This method helps researchers study fatigue mechanisms related to radiation effects.

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

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