Name: A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2017-12-18T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 47 s
Description: Learn vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice to model bariatric surgery benefits and study obesity mechanisms. This method helps researchers identify novel therapeutic targets for treating obesity and related comorbidities.

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5 minutes

This research was supported by NIH/NCI R21CA195002-01A1, The President&#39;s Council of Cornell Women and the SUNY Graduate Diversity Fellowship. Dr. Cummings&#39; laboratory also received funding during the project period from the Cornell Comparative Cancer Biology Training Program and Eli Lilly and Company.

All experimental protocols have been approved by the Cornell University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Pre-surgical Preparation
NOTE: Study mice are typically on a C57BL diet-induced obese background to make studies translationally relevant to human obesity and insulin resistance. Male and female mice may be studied as described in the subsequent steps.
<ol>
	<li>At an age of 2 months, place mice on a 45% or 60% high fat diet for 2 months (see Table of Materials). 
	NOTE: Mice are fed a high fat diet to create an obese and insulin resistant phenotype. Shorter or longer periods of high fat diet feeding may be used depending on the goals of the study.</li>
	<li>Continue to feed mice ad libitum until surgery. If baseline measurements are needed, after 7 weeks of high fat diet feeding, fast mice for 6 h or overnight and take a baseline blood sample for measurement of metabolites of interest (e.g., glucose).</li>
	<li>Continue mice on high fat diet and allow mice one week to recover after blood collection prior to sham surgery or VSG. Place mice on a liquid diet (see Table of Materials) for 4 days before surgery. 
	NOTE: Mice are maintained on a liquid diet before and after surgery to clear the digestive tract of particulate matter that may impair the healing response.</li>
	<li>Sterilize the following items prior to surgery: foil, gauze, cotton tipped applicators (CTAs) and surgical instruments (hemostat, operating scissor, iris scissor, dumont forcep, serrated Brown-Adson forcep, gavage needle, microneedle driver, spring scissor).</li>
</ol>
2. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy and Sham Procedures
<ol>
	<li>On the day of surgery weigh mice to obtain a baseline weight measurement.</li>
	<li>Equip the surgical room with an anesthesia system, heated water bath, and heating pad. Set the water bath to 37 &#176;C and use it to warm 0.9% saline solution for irrigation. Clean the surgical field with 70% ethanol and use sterile technique to open autoclaved surgery pack and tools. 
	NOTE: The heating pad is used to keep the animal warm during surgery and recovery from anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Using an induction chamber, anesthetize the mouse with 5% isoflurane and O2 flow rate of 1 L/min. Confirm that the mouse is in the appropriate plane of anesthesia by performing a toe pinch. Maintain the mouse with 1-3% isoflurane and an O2 flow rate of 0.6 L/min once a consistent plane of anesthesia has been achieved.</li>
	<li>Once the mouse is anesthetized, place eye ointment (see Table of Materials) on its eyes to keep them moist during surgery. At this time also administer an analgesic, such as meloxicam (2 mg/kg subcutaneously). Clip the hair from the umbilicus to the axilla holding the skin down gently to provide tension.
	<ol>
		<li>As the mouse&#39;s skin is thin and delicate, take care to not cause skin lesions when clipping the hair. Clean the skin with povidone-iodine and alcohol.</li>
		<li>Don sterile gloves and prepare the sterile surgical field and instruments. Perform the rest of the procedure using sterile technique. Prepare the sterile surgical field by placing sterile surgical drapes on either side of the mouse. Use autoclaved tin foil to create a surgical drape for the mouse.</li>
		<li>Cut a small hole in the tin foil to allow access to the mouse&#39;s abdomen.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Make an incision of the skin from the mid-abdomen (umbilicus) to the level of the xiphoid cartilage using an iris scissor. Identify the linea alba and use iris scissors to cut through the body wall along the linea alba. Use CTAs to gently elevate the stomach out of the abdomen and then bluntly dissect the greater omentum off of the greater curvature of the stomach.</li>
	<li>Ligate the short gastric artery that runs between the fundus of the stomach and the spleen by placing two ligatures using 7-0 monofilament absorbable suture. Use spring scissors to cut between the two ligatures. Once the artery is transected, fully exteriorize the stomach from the abdominal cavity. Place gauze under the stomach and wet with saline to keep the tissue moist.</li>
	<li>Sham Procedure
	<ol>
		<li>For the sham procedure, place a loose simple continuous pattern of suture using 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle. Begin 2 mm to the right (surgeon&#39;s right) of the esophagus. Place the suture line along the ventral gastric wall and then continue along the dorsal gastric wall. 
		NOTE: For all gastric manipulations, use only monofilament absorbable suture to decrease the risk of infection. Furthermore, use only suture with a taper needle for all gastric manipulations, as use of a cutting needle increases the risk of suture &#34;pull-through&#34; leading to gastric tissue damage and wound dehiscence.</li>
		<li>Pass the needle completely through one gastric wall while placing the suture. Make sure the suture is lying flat, but not restricting the stomach. Gently tie the suture off using 3-4 throws and skip to step 2.9.</li>
		<li>For the VSG procedure skip step 2.7 and proceed with step 2.8.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>VSG procedure
	<ol>
		<li>For the VSG procedure, ligate the prominent branches of the gastric artery and vein with 7-0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle using 3 throws for each knot. Place the ligatures just below (i.e., towards the lesser curvature of the stomach) the intended line of transection. 
		NOTE: The intended line of transection starts at ~2 mm above (meaning towards the greater curvature of the stomach) the cardiac notch of the stomach and at least 2 mm below the margo pilcatus and extends to the proximal end of the right lobe of the pancreas. Typically, there are 4 vessels per gastric wall that need to be ligated; however, this may vary between mice.</li>
		<li>To prevent spillage of gastric contents during the gastrectomy, place a simple continuous line of suture passing through both gastric walls just below the intended line of transection using 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle. Begin the suture line to the surgeon&#39;s right of the esophagus and below the margo pilcatus and end just above the pancreas.</li>
		<li>Place thin-tipped hemostats above the suture line and use spring scissors to cut between the suture line and hemostats. Remove the transected gastric tissue from the sterile surgical field. Use CTAs to clean blood and digesta off of the stomach.</li>
		<li>Reinforce apposition of the gastric walls using 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle using a simple discontinuous pattern. 
		NOTE: A simple discontinuous suture pattern is recommended since this provides more secure closure than the simple continuous suture pattern.</li>
		<li>Flush the gastric remnant with saline throughout the procedure in order to keep the tissue moist and clean. Use a 20G gavage needle attached to a 20-mL syringe to perform gastric lavage with saline. Use this size to ensure adequate pressure is provided without risking gastric tissue damage from excessive pressure or accidental gastric tissue damage from use of a regular pointed needle.</li>
		<li>Use a minimum of 20 knots to securely close the stomach; pay attention to closure along the esophageal side, as this side is more difficult to access and therefore is often a site of dehiscence.</li>
		<li>Ensure that there are no leaks by gently pressing on the stomach with CTAs. If leaks are identified, place additional simple discontinuous knots on the areas of leakage and then leak test again. Leak test until no leakage is detected.</li>
		<li>Do a final thorough lavage of the stomach using at least 60 mL of saline to ensure that no infectious particulate matter has been left behind.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the stomach back into the abdominal cavity under the liver using a CTA. Place CTAs along the dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity to absorb all excess fluid. Using a blunt 18G needle, inject lactated Ringer&#39;s solution (LRS) with or without antibiotics (0.5 mL LRS +/- 20 mg/kg Enrofloxacin) directly into the abdominal cavity, just prior to closure. 
	NOTE: This replaces fluid loss experienced during surgery and provides a method for direct application of antibiotics to the surgical site to assist with recovery.</li>
	<li>Close the abdominal muscle layer using 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle in a simple discontinuous pattern. Then close the skin layer with 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture in a simple continuous pattern.</li>
	<li>Place tissue adhesive on the skin and fold the skin over the suture line to bury the suture so that the mouse cannot disrupt the wound closure post-operatively.</li>
	<li>Turn the isoflurane off and let the mouse recover on the heating pad for 10-15 minbefore returning it to its home cage. Do not leave the animal unattended until it has regained consciousness and is able to move.</li>
	<li>Keep animals housed singly until fully recovered from surgery. 
	NOTE: If accurate food intake measurements are to be obtained throughout study, mice should continue to be singly housed throughout study. There is a risk of foreign body obstruction from eating home cage bedding. Animals should be housed in cages free of bedding except for nesting material to provide enrichment (see Table of Materials).</li>
</ol>
3. Post-operative Mouse Care and Measurements
<ol>
	<li>Return the mouse to its home cage and place the cage on a heating pad. Maintain mice on a liquid diet for at least 7 days after surgery. Administer an analgesic, such as meloxicam (2 mg/kg subcutaneously), for 2 days after surgery. 
	NOTE: An antibiotic, such as enrofloxacin (20 mg/kg), may be given for up to 7 days after surgery. Antibiotics are given to minimize risk of infection from the surgical procedure and may or may not be required depending on the level of sterility maintained throughout the procedure. However, if antibiotics are used, they must be administered to all mice in the same study to maintain consistency.</li>
	<li>During the post-operative period assess body weight, food intake, defecation, activity level, and disposition at least daily to ensure proper healing and recovery. Conduct post-operative monitoring for 14 days after surgery. 
	NOTE: Surgical failure is typically seen either immediately after surgery or within three days post- operatively. Animals that are not eating or drinking on the second day after surgery must be closely monitored for surgical complications.</li>
	<li>After successful completion of the post-operative period, measure body weight and food intake regularly throughout study to ensure maintenance of the appropriate phenotype.</li>
	<li>Perform an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and gut hormone secretion.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform the OGTT in mice after fasting them for 6 h and then gavage mice with 50% dextrose solution at a 1 g/kg dose.</li>
		<li>Collect tail blood samples at 0, 2.5, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the gavage. Measure blood glucose with a glucometer at these time points. Collect serum samples at each time point for measurement of various hormones, such as insulin and GLP-1.</li>
		<li>Fast mice for 6 h prior to euthanasia. Take a final blood sample and glucose measurement. Compare the final glucose measurement to the baseline measurement. Euthanize mice with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital at a 200 mg/kg dose.</li>
		<li>Use the baseline and final serum samples to measure additional analytes and compare pre- and post-operative surgical values.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Buchwald, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479938">Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> JAMA. 292 (14), 1724-1737 (2004).</li>
<li>Wadden, T. A., Butryn, M. L., Byrne, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficacy+of+lifestyle+modification+for+long-term+weight+control%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Obes+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control.</a> Obes Res. 12, Suppl . 151s-162s (2004).</li>
<li>Yanovski, S. Z., Yanovski, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra012586">Obesity.</a> N Engl J Med. 346 (8), 591-602 (2002).</li>
<li>Abbatini, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long-term+effects+of+laparoscopic+sleeve+gastrectomy%2C+gastric+bypass%2C+and+adjustable+gastric+banding+on+type+2+diabetes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Surg+Endosc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long-term effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and adjustable gastric banding on type 2 diabetes.</a> Surg Endosc. 24 (5), 1005-1010 (2010).</li>
<li>Sjostrom, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+bariatric+surgery+on+mortality+in+Swedish+obese+subjects%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22N+Engl+J+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects.</a> N Engl J Med. 357 (8), 741-752 (2007).</li>
<li>Adams, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cancer+incidence+and+mortality+after+gastric+bypass+surgery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Obesity+%28Silver+Spring%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cancer incidence and mortality after gastric bypass surgery.</a> Obesity (Silver Spring). 17 (4), 796-802 (2009).</li>
<li>Vest, A. R., Heneghan, H. M., Schauer, P. R., Young, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Surgical+management+of+obesity+and+the+relationship+to+cardiovascular+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation%22%5BJournal%5D)">Surgical management of obesity and the relationship to cardiovascular disease.</a> Circulation. 127 (8), 945-959 (2013).</li>
<li>Ahmed, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laparoscopic+Roux-en-Y+gastric+bypass+and+its+early+effect+on+blood+pressure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Obes+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and its early effect on blood pressure.</a> Obes Surg. 19 (7), 845-849 (2009).</li>
<li>Pories, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Who+would+have+thought+it%3F+An+operation+proves+to+be+the+most+effective+therapy+for+adult-onset+diabetes+mellitus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus.</a> Ann Surg. 222 (3), 339-350 (1995).</li>
<li>Garibay, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((beta-Cell+Glucagon-Like+Peptide-1+Receptor+Contributes+to+Improved+Glucose+Tolerance+After+Vertical+Sleeve+Gastrectomy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">beta-Cell Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Contributes to Improved Glucose Tolerance After Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy.</a> Endocrinology. 157 (9), 3405-3409 (2016).</li>
<li>McGavigan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TGR5+contributes+to+glucoregulatory+improvements+after+vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gut%22%5BJournal%5D)">TGR5 contributes to glucoregulatory improvements after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice.</a> Gut. 66 (2), 226-234 (2017).</li>
<li>McGavigan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy+reduces+blood+pressure+and+hypothalamic+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dis+Model+Mech%22%5BJournal%5D)">Vertical sleeve gastrectomy reduces blood pressure and hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice.</a> Dis Model Mech. 10 (3), 235-243 (2017).</li>
<li>Esteban Varela, J., Nguyen, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laparoscopic+sleeve+gastrectomy+leads+the+U.S.+utilization+of+bariatric+surgery+at+academic+medical+centers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Surg+Obes+Relat+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leads the U.S. utilization of bariatric surgery at academic medical centers.</a> Surg Obes Relat Dis. 11 (5), 987-990 (2015).</li>
<li>Laferrere, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effect+of+weight+loss+by+gastric+bypass+surgery+versus+hypocaloric+diet+on+glucose+and+incretin+levels+in+patients+with+type+2+diabetes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 (7), 2479-2485 (2008).</li>
<li>Adams, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Health+benefits+of+gastric+bypass+surgery+after+6+years%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Jama%22%5BJournal%5D)">Health benefits of gastric bypass surgery after 6 years.</a> Jama. 308 (11), 1122-1131 (2012).</li>
<li>McGavigan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TGR5+contributes+to+glucoregulatory+improvements+after+vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gut%22%5BJournal%5D)">TGR5 contributes to glucoregulatory improvements after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice.</a> Gut. , (2015).</li>
<li>Peterli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Improvement+in+glucose+metabolism+after+bariatric+surgery%3A+comparison+of+laparoscopic+Roux-en-Y+gastric+bypass+and+laparoscopic+sleeve+gastrectomy%3A+a+prospective+randomized+trial%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial.</a> Ann Surg. 250 (2), 234-241 (2009).</li>
<li>Ryan, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((FXR+is+a+molecular+target+for+the+effects+of+vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy.</a> Nature. 509 (7499), 183-188 (2014).</li>
<li>Wilson-Perez, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy+is+effective+in+two+genetic+mouse+models+of+glucagon-like+Peptide+1+receptor+deficiency%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Diabetes%22%5BJournal%5D)">Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is effective in two genetic mouse models of glucagon-like Peptide 1 receptor deficiency.</a> Diabetes. 62 (7), 2380-2385 (2013).</li>
<li>Pressler, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Vertical+sleeve+gastrectomy+restores+glucose+homeostasis+in+apolipoprotein+A-IV+KO+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Diabetes%22%5BJournal%5D)">Vertical sleeve gastrectomy restores glucose homeostasis in apolipoprotein A-IV KO mice.</a> Diabetes. 64 (2), 498-507 (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors declare no conflicts of interest, except Dr. Cummings received funding from Eli Lilly and Company.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for obesity and results in other health benefits such as high rates of type 2 diabetes and hypertension remission1,9,15. Murine models of bariatric surgery provide a powerful tool with which to identify the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery causes rapid and pronounced improvements in obesity comorbidities. Furthermore, murine models of bariatric surgery provide a no...

As the obesity epidemic continues to grow worldwide bariatric surgery has gained popularity as it is the most effective long-term treatment for obesity1. Unfortunately, weight loss by diet and exercise is difficult to achieve and relatively ineffective over the long-term2,3. Bariatric surgery, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), is defined as the manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract for the purpose of weight loss1,4. Although weight loss is a prominent outcome of bariatric surgery, bariatric surgery provides other health benefits such as improving obesity comorbidities and extending lifespan5. For example, bariatric surgery results in high rates of remission of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and reductions in the lifetime risk of the development of certain types of cancer1,6,7. Of note, the effect of bariatric surgery causing remission of type 2 diabetes and hypertension is often observed soon after surgery and prior to weight loss8,9. This highlights the concept that there are mechanisms independent of body weight contributing to the health benefits observed after surgery. Animal models of bariatric surgery have been developed and are utilized to study the mechanisms by which these health benefits occur10,11,12.
We have validated a mouse model of VSG, which we have applied to various genetically modified mouse models to study the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery improves obesity comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and colorectal cancer10,11,12. Rodent models allow more experimental control and the ability to perform genetic or pharmaceutical manipulation to define the role of specific genes or signaling pathways of interest. We are focusing primarily on VSG because VSG is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the clinic in the United States13. Additionally, VSG is a simple surgical model with fewer anatomic modifications compared to other procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion.
Our mouse model of VSG recapitulates the following effects of bariatric surgery observed in humans: weight loss, reduced food intake, improved glucose regulation, improved islet function, increased post-prandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, reduced arterial blood pressure, and increased circulating bile acid concentrations10,11,12,13,14,15. Therefore, this is an ideal model to study the body weight dependent and independent mechanisms by which VSG improves or resolves obesity comorbidities. In addition, it is a reliable model that can be combined with other surgical procedures, allowing for the investigation of the impact of VSG under various disease conditions with greater mechanistic insight12.

<table><tbody><tr><td>45% high fat diet</td><td>Research Diets</td><td>D12451</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60% high fat diet</td><td>Research Diets</td><td>D12492</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boost</td><td>Nestle</td><td>160-67538</td><td>rich chocolate flavor</td></tr><tr><td>6-0 Suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>Z432</td><td>monofilament absorbable/taper</td></tr><tr><td>7-0 Suture</td><td>Covidien</td><td>8866127-01</td><td>monofilament absorbable/taper</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Swabs</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>23-400-118</td><td>small</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Swabs</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>233-400-101</td><td>large</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>4x4 4 ply and 2x2 4 ply</td></tr><tr><td>Foil</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgery drape</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% saline solution</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LRS</td><td>Hospira</td><td>170RX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betadine</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eye Ointment</td><td>Paralube&amp;reg; Vet Ointment</td><td>17033-211-38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Adhesive</td><td>Vetbond</td><td>1469SB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Meloxicam (Metacam)</td><td>Boehringer Ingelheim</td><td>141-213</td><td>5 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Enrofloxacin</td><td>Baytril</td><td>08713254-186599</td><td>22.7 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Thin tipped hemostats</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>13021-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metzenbaum Scissor</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14018-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iris Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14058-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont Forcep</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serrated Forcep</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11020-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gavage needle</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18060-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microneedle driver</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12075-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spring Scissor</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15396-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin syringe</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1mL syringe</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20mL syringe</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucometer (one touch ultra mini)</td><td>Lifescan</td><td>70021208</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multiplex insulin and GLP-1 kit</td><td>Meso Scale Discovery</td><td>K15171C-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism 6.00</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nestlets</td><td>Ancare</td><td>NES3600</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a murine model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy

A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

Bariatric surgery, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), is a surgery of the gastrointestinal tract that is performed for the purpose of weight loss. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective long-term treatment for obesity. In addition to weight loss, bariatric surgery produces additional health benefits such as remission of type 2 diabetes, remission of hypertension, and decreased risk of developing certain types of cancer. The mechanisms beyond weight loss for these benefits remain incompletely defined. Therefore, animal models of bariatric surgery are being developed and validated to identify the mechanisms leading to these benefits, with the goal of improving understanding of gastrointestinal physiology and identifying new therapeutic targets. VSG has become the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the clinic in the United States because it is highly effective at producing weight loss and metabolic improvement, and is simpler to perform than other bariatric procedures. Therefore, we have developed and validated a murine model of VSG. This murine VSG model recapitulates many of the effects of VSG seen in humans, including improved glucose and blood pressure regulation. The method is based on isolation of the stomach, ligation of gastric vessels, and removal of 70% of the stomach by transecting along the greater curvature of the stomach. We have successfully applied this surgical protocol to various genetically modified mouse lines to define the mechanistic contributors to the benefits of VSG. Furthermore, this murine VSG model has been combined with other surgical techniques, to achieve deeper mechanistic insight. Therefore, this is a simple and versatile model for studying gastrointestinal physiology and the health benefits of bariatric surgery.

The sham and VSG procedures are depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1A shows where the suture line is placed along the gastric walls during the sham procedure. This same area is where the stomach is cut during VSG surgery. Figure 1B shows the tubular remnant of stomach left after performance of VSG.
Statistics and Data Analysis<br...

The following describes the performance of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice. This is a type of weight-loss surgery that involves removal of approximately 70% of the stomach.

Bariatric surgery, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), is a surgery of the gastrointestinal tract that is performed for the purpose of weight loss. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In this video, a vertical sleeve gastrectomy procedure is performed on an experimental mouse model. This procedure helps remove a significant portion of the stomach along its greater curvature.

Murine Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Surgical Procedure to Downsize Stomach in Experimental Mouse Models

This video describes a bariatric surgery-Roux-en-Y procedure. This involves the cutting of the jejunum- the middle portion of the intestine- to generate two intestinal limbs. The biliary limb is attached to the existing intestinal loop and the alimentary limb is attached to the stomach, creating a gastric bypass. The gastric bypass created here helps to decrease the nutrient uptake and efficiently reduces body weight.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure: A Bariatric Surgical Procedure for Gastric Resectioning in Murine Model

Bariatric surgery is the most efficient way to reduce body weight and the deadly metabolic complications (diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia) frequently associated with morbid obesity. Mouse models of bariatric surgery represent a unique asset for deciphering molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of these surgeries on diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

The prevalence of diabetes and obesity is continuously increasing worldwide. The mechanisms between diabetes, obesity and their associated mortality and co-morbidities need to be further investigated. Here, we present a protocol for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in animals as an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery.

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is an emerging bariatric procedure with important metabolic effects. In this article, we present  a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice.

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Murine Pancreatic Islet Isolation

The surgical procedure for induction of unilateral hindlimb ischemia is demonstrated, with confirmation of ischemia by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia 

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

This video demonstrates how to use a fast and reliable model to study pathobiological and pathophysiological processes of myocardial ischemia.

LAD-Ligation: A Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Kindlins are fundamental to cell adhesion through integrins but studies of them have been hampered by the difficulty encountered in expressing them recombinantly in bacterial hosts. We describe here methods for their efficient production in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

Efficient Production and Purification of Recombinant Murine Kindlin-3 from Insect Cells for Biophysical Studies

Learn vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice to model bariatric surgery benefits and study obesity mechanisms. This method helps researchers identify novel therapeutic targets for treating obesity and related comorbidities.

A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

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