Name: A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-08-10T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 29 s
Description: Learn to build a 3D-printed environmental chamber for testing organic optoelectronic device degradation. This versatile protocol enables rapid, cost-effective customization for controlled atmospheric characterization.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

The authors acknowledge Peter Jonosson and the Lyons New Media Centre for the 3D printing of the chambers. This research was supported by 436100-2013 RGPIN, ER15-11-123, the McMaster Dean of Engineering Excellence Undergraduate Summer Research Award, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.

<ol><li>Tremblay, J. -F. <a target="_blank" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i28/rise-OLED-displays.html">The rise of OLED displays.</a> Chemical & Engineering News. 94 (28), 30-34 (2016).</li>
<li>Kang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bulk-Heterojunction+Organic+Solar+Cells%3A+Five+Core+Technologies+for+Their+Commercialization%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Advanced+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (36), 7821-7861 (2016).</li>
<li>Jacoby, M. <a target="_blank" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i18/future-low-cost-solar-cells.html">The future of low-cost solar cells.</a> Chemical & Engineering News. 94 (18), 30-35 (2016).</li>
<li>Veldhuis, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Perovskite+Materials+for+Light-Emitting+Diodes+and+Lasers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Advanced+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (32), 6804-6834 (2016).</li>
<li>Park, N. -G. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702114002570">Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology.</a> Materials Today. 18 (2), 65-72 (2015).</li>
<li>Turak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ra/c2ra22770c">Interfacial degradation in organic optoelectronics.</a> RSC Advances. 3 (18), 6188(2013).</li>
<li>Scholz, S., Kondakov, D., Lüssem, B., Leo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Degradation+Mechanisms+and+Reactions+in+Organic+Light-Emitting+Devices%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Reviews%22%5BJournal%5D)">Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices.</a> Chemical Reviews. 115 (16), 8449-8503 (2015).</li>
<li>Jørgensen, M., Norrman, K., Gevorgyan, S. A., Tromholt, T., Andreasen, B., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201104187">Stability of Polymer Solar Cells.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (5), 580-612 (2012).</li>
<li>Habisreutinger, S. N., McMeekin, D. P., Snaith, H. J., Nicholas, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4961210">Research Update: Strategies for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.</a> APL Materials. 4 (9), 091503(2016).</li>
<li>Reese, M. O., Sigdel, A. K., Berry, J. J., Ginley, D. S., Shaheen, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024810001443">A simple miniature controlled-atmosphere chamber for optoelectronic characterizations.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 94 (7), 1254-1258 (2010).</li>
<li>Gevorgyan, S. A., Jorgensen, M., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024808000627">A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 736-745 (2008).</li>
<li>Park, J. -S. S., Chae, H., Chung, H. K., Lee, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SeScT..26c4001P">Thin film encapsulation for flexible AM-OLED: a review.</a> Semiconductor Science and Technology. 26 (3), 034001(2011).</li>
<li>Ahmad, J., Bazaka, K., Anderson, L. J., White, R. D., Jacob, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113004048">Materials and methods for encapsulation of OPV: A review.</a> Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 27, 104-117 (2013).</li>
<li>Gevorgyan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113005132">Round robin performance testing of organic photovoltaic devices.</a> Renewable Energy. 63, 376-387 (2014).</li>
<li>Osterwald, C. R., Hammond, R., Zerlaut, G., D'Aiello, R. <a target="_blank" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/520103/">Photovoltaic module certification and laboratory accreditation criteria development.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 41, 629-636 (1996).</li>
<li>Turak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258071100_Systematic_analysis_of_processing_parameters_on_the_ordering_and_performance_of_working_poly3-hexyl-thiophene66-phenyl_C61-butyric_acid_methyl_ester_solar_cells">Systematic analysis of processing parameters on the ordering and performance of working poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester solar cells.</a> Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2 (5), 53103(2010).</li>
<li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cp/c3cp51383a">Fill factor in organic solar cells.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (23), 8972-8982 (2013).</li>
<li>Lu, N., Li, L., Sun, P., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009261414007520">Short-circuit current model of organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 614, 27-30 (2014).</li>
<li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/jm/c2jm33719c">Open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (46), 24315-24325 (2012).</li>
<li>Xue, J., Uchida, S., Rand, B. P., Forrest, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1713036">4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 84 (16), 3013-3015 (2004).</li>
<li>Hauch, J. A., Schilinsky, P., Choulis, S. A., Rajoelson, S., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.2975185">The impact of water vapor transmission rate on the lifetime of flexible polymer solar cells.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 93 (10), 103306(2008).</li>
<li>Norrman, K., Madsen, M. V., Gevorgyan, S. A., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Degradation+Patterns+in+Water+and+Oxygen+of+an+Inverted+Polymer+Solar+Cell%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Degradation Patterns in Water and Oxygen of an Inverted Polymer Solar Cell.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (47), 16883-16892 (2010).</li>
<li>Dameron, A. A., Reese, M. O., Moriconie, T. J., Kempe, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255814234_Understanding_Moisture_Ingress_and_Packaging_Requirements_for_Photovoltaic_Modules">Understanding Moisture Ingress and Packaging Requirements for Photovoltaic Modules.</a> Photovoltaics International. 5, 121-130 (2009).</li>
<li>ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement. ASTM E398 - 13. , Available from:
 <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398</a> (2013).</li>
<li>Basha, R. K., Konno, K., Kani, H., Water Kimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1881836611800182">Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Biomass Based Film Materials.</a> Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 4 (2), 37-42 (2011).</li>
<li>Kim, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024812000608">A correlation study between barrier film performance and shelf lifetime of encapsulated organic solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101, 140-146 (2012).</li>
<li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024808000305">Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic P3HT: PCBM based devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 746-752 (2008).</li>
<li>Kempe, M. D., Reese, M. O., Dameron, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+the+sensitivity+limits+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+measurements+using+electrical+calcium+test%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Review+of+Scientific+Instruments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of the sensitivity limits of water vapor transmission rate measurements using electrical calcium test.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 84 (2), 025109(2013).</li>
<li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092702481100050X">Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 (5), 1253-1267 (2011).</li>
<li>Castro, F. Current landscape of standardisation efforts in organic and printed electronics 2015 - a VAMAS review. , National Physical Laboratory. Available from:
 <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review</a> (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical steps in recreating this experiment include the printing of the chambers to avoid cracks, gaps, or poor in-fill characteristics which can decrease the WVTR, sealing the chamber to prevent any ingress of moisture and oxygen by tightening the KF50 clamp to achieve a full sealing between the top and bottom chambers, using a vacuum-rated low-pressure epoxy around the contact pins or any feedthroughs to prevent any leaking, and creating a seal between the sample and the top chamber using a proper O-ring placement...

Organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes based on &#960;-conjugated semiconducting organic molecules and organometal halides are a rapidly growing field of research. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are already a major technological element in lighting and displays1, and organic photovoltaics have begun to achieve efficiencies that make them competitive with amorphous silicon2. The recent rapid advancement of perovskite-based devices for light absorbing and light-emitting applications3,4,5 suggests that low-cost, easily processed devices are likely to soon find widespread deployment. However, all of these technologies suffer from a sensitivity to atmospheric contaminants, particularly moisture and oxygen, which limits their effective lifetimes6,7,8,9.
For researchers studying such systems, it can be useful to have an adaptable, easy-to-use, portable, and reusable chamber to protect such sensitive materials or to expose them to contaminants in a controlled manner10,11. Though it is possible to use a glovebox for the characterization of air-sensitive devices, these large, expensive, and fixed-location, inert environments may be incompatible with the wide range of characterization that might be required. To provide a portable alternative, Reese et al.10 proposed a small metal chamber based on a standard vacuum flange suitable for the electrical and optical characterization of organic devices. We have adapted this design, making it cheaper and more versatile by using 3D-printing to produce the chamber components. The use of 3D-printing, rather than machining, allows for rapid, cost-effective adjustments to changing sample or environmental requirements while maintaining the utility of the basic design. In this contribution, we outline the procedure to make such a chamber, and use it to extract the current-voltage characteristics of an organic diode device.
A good encapsulation of organic and perovskite devices should have WVTRs of 10-3 - 10-6 g/m2/day for long-term device stability12,13, to ensure&#160;little water ingress into the organic device even in very harsh conditions. As this chamber is designed to be a controlled environment for testing purposes rather than a long-term storage or encapsulation method, the requirements for an effective chamber are not as strict. The chamber should be able to maintain the device properties within a reasonable timeframe to perform characterization experiments. The standard operating procedure of using PLA results in a chamber which can be used for several days or even weeks with an incorporated gas flow, without a significant loss of the device properties.
Changing the materials, or even the shape and size of the chamber body can drastically affect the penetration of contaminants from the air into the chamber. Therefore, the ingress of moisture and oxygen needs to be carefully monitored for each design to determine the efficacy of the chamber. We, additionally to the fabrication of the chamber, outline a simple procedure for determining the WVTR of the chamber, using a commercially available humidity sensor, to establish a timeframe for the use of the chamber for experimentation.
Such a simple, yet versatile chamber allows for multiple types of experiments to be performed. They can act as inert atmosphere environments outside the glovebox, suitable for electrical and optical characterizations through the electrical feedthrough ports and window. Their portability allows them to be used with standard electrical characterization equipment outside the lab where they were manufactured, which is useful in round robin testing for reliability14 or to obtain certified measurements of the device performance15. These chambers are also particularly useful for studying the effects of the introduction of contaminants for controlled degradation tests, with simple modifications. The use of 3D printing allows a significant, rapid adaptability to changing device layouts, sizes, or testing requirements.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ORION DELTA DESKTOP 3D PRINTER RTP</td><td>SeeMeCNC</td><td>87999</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; 3D Printer</td></tr><tr><td>1.75 mm PLA Filament</td><td>SeeMeCNC</td><td>50241</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; PLA</td></tr><tr><td>Somos&amp;reg; WaterShed XC 11122 chamber</td><td>Somos</td><td>printed at Custom Prototypes, Toronto.</td><td>https://www.dsm.com/products/somos/en_US/products/offerings-somos-water-shed.html&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; Water resistant polymer</td></tr><tr><td>CURA</td><td>CURA</td><td></td><td>https://ultimaker.com/en/products/cura-software&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; slicing software</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering iron with 600&amp;deg; F tip</td><td>Weller</td><td>WTCPT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xtralien X100 Source Measure Unit</td><td>Ossila</td><td>E561</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; SMU</td></tr><tr><td>ZIF Test Board for Pixelated Anode Substrates</td><td>Ossila</td><td>E221</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; Zero insetion force/ZIF Test Board;</td></tr><tr><td>BNC Cable</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Generic USB A - B</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Generic USB A - Micro</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>#12 O-Ring</td><td></td><td></td><td>Source unkown&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; o-ring</td></tr><tr><td>116 Butyl O-Ring</td><td>Global Rubber Products</td><td>116 VI70</td><td>Bought in-store&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; o-ring</td></tr><tr><td>Retaining ring</td><td>McMaster</td><td>NA</td><td>3D printed in-house</td></tr><tr><td>Bottom Chamber</td><td>McMaster</td><td>NA</td><td>3D printed in-house</td></tr><tr><td>Top Chamber</td><td>McMaster</td><td>NA</td><td>3D printed in-house</td></tr><tr><td>KF50 Cast Clamp (Aluminum)</td><td>Kurt J. Lesker</td><td>QF50-200-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KF50 Centering Ring (Aluminum)</td><td>Kurt J. Lesker</td><td>QF50-200-BRB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sn60/Pb40 Solder</td><td>MG Chemicals</td><td>4895-2270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>#4-40 x 3/16&quot; machine screw</td><td></td><td></td><td>Hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>#4-40 IntThrd Brass TaperSingleVane Insert For Thermoplastic</td><td>Fastenal</td><td>11125984</td><td>Fastenal requires to be affiliated with company/university&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; #4-40 brass tapered threaded insert</td></tr><tr><td>Varian Torr Seal Vacuum Equipment High Vacuum Epoxy</td><td>Vacuum Products Canada Inc.</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; low-pressure epoxy</td></tr><tr><td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes HEADED RADIUS</td><td>Mouser Electornics</td><td>818-S-100-D-3.5-G</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; pogo pin</td></tr><tr><td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes Receptacle Solder Cup</td><td>Mouser Electornics</td><td>818-R-100-SC</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; solder cup</td></tr><tr><td>1/4&quot; Teflon Tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td>Hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>Teflon tape</td><td></td><td></td><td>Hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>1/4&quot; Tube x 1/8&quot; Male NPT Nickel Plated Brass Push-to-Connect Connector</td><td>Fastenal</td><td>442064</td><td>Not the same ones used for this study, but are fuctionally equivalent&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; push-to-connect pneumatic connector</td></tr><tr><td>1/8&quot; NPT Tap and T-wrench</td><td></td><td></td><td>Hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>1/4&quot; Tube Push-to-Connect Manually Operated Valves</td><td>Fluidline</td><td>7910-56-00</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; manually operated push-to-connect valves</td></tr><tr><td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (small)</td><td>Digi-Key</td><td>385</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; internal humidity sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (large)</td><td>Digi-Key</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; external humidity sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino Uno</td><td>Arduino</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glovebox environment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 kOhm Resistor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilla Xtralien Scientific Python IDE</td><td>Oscilla</td><td></td><td>https://www.ossila.com/pages/xtralien-scientific-python&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Known in Report As:&lt;/strong&gt; Python IDE</td></tr></tbody></table>

a 3d-printed chamber for organic optoelectronic device degradation testing

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, using 3D-printing. As these types of devices are sensitive to moisture and oxygen, such a chamber can aid researchers in characterizing the electronic and stability properties. The chamber is intended to be used as a temporary, reusable, and stable environment with controlled properties (including humidity, gas introduction, and temperature). It can be used to protect air-sensitive materials or to expose them to contaminants in a controlled way for degradation studies. To characterize the properties of the chamber, we outline a simple procedure to determine the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) using relative humidity as measured by a standard humidity sensor. This standard operating procedure, using a 50% infill density of polylactic acid (PLA), results in a chamber that can be used for weeks without any significant loss of device properties. The versatility and ease of use of the chamber allows it to be adapted to any characterization condition that requires a compact-controlled atmosphere.

Current-voltage Measurements:
This chamber is designed to allow for the testing of an air-sensitive diode device, such as an organic or perovskite solar cell or a light-emitting diode. It can act as a reusable, temporary encapsulation or as a method of introducing contaminants to perform controlled degradation testing. The current density-voltage (JV) curves shown here were measured using a ZIF test board attach...

Here, we present a protocol for the design, manufacture, and use of a simple, versatile 3D-printed and controlled atmospheric chamber for the optical and electrical characterization of air-sensitive organic optoelectronic devices.

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, ...

a-3d-printed-chamber-for-organic-optoelectronic-device-degradation

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

In this paper, we present a protocol to selectively deposit organic materials on textiles, which allows for the direct integration of organic electronic devices with wearables. The fabricated devices can be fully integrated in textiles, respecting their mechanical appearance and enabling sensing capabilities.

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

This publication describes the fabrication of an organ-on-chip device with integrated electrodes for direct quantification of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). For validation, the blood-brain barrier was mimicked inside this microfluidic device and its barrier function was monitored. The presented methods for electrode integration and direct TEER quantification are generally applicable.

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Here, we present a protocol that describes the fabrication of stretchable, dual channel, organ chip microfluidic cell culture devices for recapitulating organ-level functionality in vitro.

Scalable Fabrication of Stretchable, Dual Channel, Microfluidic Organ Chips

This work presents a strain measurement sensor consisting of an amplification mechanism and a polydimethylsiloxane microscope manufactured using an improved 3D printer.

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

Here, we present protocols for analyzing bone remodeling within a lab-on-a-chip platform. A 3D printed mechanical loading device can be paired with the platform to induce osteocyte mechanostransduction by deforming the cellular matrix. The platform can also be used to quantify bone remodeling functional outcomes from osteoclasts and osteoblasts (resorption/formation).

A Lab-On-A-Chip Platform for Stimulating Osteocyte Mechanotransduction and Analyzing Functional Outcomes of Bone Remodeling

This paper describes a protocol along with a comparative study of two microfluidic fabrication techniques, namely photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding and Selective Laser-induced Etching (SLE), that are suitable for high-pressure conditions. These techniques constitute enabling platforms for direct observation of fluid flow in surrogate permeable media and fractured systems under reservoir conditions.

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

This manuscript presents a novel, innovative 3D-printed illumination device for studying Rose Bengal-mediated photodynamic therapy in vitro.

Development of an Innovative LED-based Illumination Device for In Vitro Application of Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal

Learn to build a 3D-printed environmental chamber for testing organic optoelectronic device degradation. This versatile protocol enables rapid, cost-effective customization for controlled atmospheric characterization.

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

Explore More Videos