Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The overall goal of this experiment is to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocytes-like cells in a manner that is suitable for high-throughput screening. Liver cells are difficult to grow in the laboratory, however they can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells which provides a screening platform to identify treatments for liver disease. The main advantage of this technique is that unlimited numbers of hepatocytes can be generated from any patient with liver disease that recapitulate the disease in the laboratory.

The procedure is relatively easy to establish, even without extensive knowledge of stem cell biology. Its reproducibility allows researchers to screen thousands of compounds without a need for complex robotics. Ray Liu, a postdoctoral fellow, and Paige Lamprecht, a graduate student, will be demonstrating the procedure today.

First, dilute the fusion protein Ecad to 15 micrograms per milliliter with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, or DPBS, that contains calcium and magnesium. Coat 100 millimeter suspension tissue culture dishes with five milliliters of diluted matrix and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for at least one hour. Following incubation, remove the substrate, and replace with five milliliters of iPSC culture medium.

Retrieve a vial of cryopreserved human induced pluripotent stem cells from liquid nitrogen. Thaw at 37 degrees Celsius until a small ice crystal remains. Then, gently pipette the cells into a sterile 15 milliliter conical tube containing four milliliters of the culture medium.

Centrifuge the cells at 300 G for five minutes. Remove the supernatant and gently re-suspend the cells with five milliliters of medium supplemented with ten micromolar of Y-27632, a selective inhibitor of a Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase. Now, remove the culture medium from the Ecad-coated ten millimeter suspension tissue culture dishes and add five milliliters of the cells.

Once the iPSCs reach around 80%confluency, remove the culture medium and wash once with calcium and magnesium-free DPBS. Aspirate the DPBS and add a sufficient amount of 0.02%EDTA solution to cover the dishes. Then, incubate the cells for up to three minutes at room temperature.

As soon as the cells begin to release, remove the 0.02%EDTA solution and flood the dish with ten milliliters of M medium to release the cells. Aid the detachment of iPSCs by gentle pipetting. Transfer 1/10th of the suspended cells per fresh Ecad-coated tissue culture dish containing five milliliters of M medium.

Incubate the cultures at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide, changing the medium daily. Retrieve one vial of 250 microliters of ice-cold matrix stock with concentration of two milligrams per milliliter and thaw it on ice. Next, combine the thawed matrix with ten milliliters of cold DMEM/F12 by mixing gently using a pre-chilled pipette to make a final concentration of 0.05 milligrams per milliliter.

Transfer 100 microliters of the diluted matrix to each well of a 96-well tissue culture plate. Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for at least one hour. Following incubation, discard the matrix and replace with 50 microliters of M medium per well, repeating the same coating procedure with the rest of the plates.

Now, culture the iPSCs on 100 millimeter dishes until the cells approach 80%confluency. To harvest the iPSCs from each 100 millimeter plate, aspirate the culture medium and rinse with five milliliters of DPBS. Replace the rinse with three milliliters of cell detachment solution, such as Accutase.

Then, incubate for around two minutes at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide. As soon as the cells begin to detach, harvest by adding seven milliliters of M medium. Pipette several times to dissociate the cell colonies into small clusters of around three to six cells.

Next, collect the iPSCs into a 15 milliliter sterile centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 300 G for five minutes. When finished, remove the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in five milliliters of M medium. Evenly distribute the cells onto 96-well matrix-coated plates by pipetting 50 microliters of suspension cells into each well using a multi-channel pipette.

Then, culture the cells overnight at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide and repeat the cell seeding procedures with the rest of the plates. Examine the 96-well plates by microscopy to insure that cells cover at least 70%of the surface of each individual well. For day one to day two of differentiation, replace the culture medium with 100 microliters of RPMI-based differentiation medium per well.

Then, incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in ambient oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for two days with a daily medium change. For day three to day five of differentiation, replace the culture medium with 100 microliters of RPMI-based differentiation medium supplemented with 2%B27 and 100 nanograms per milliliter of active NA.Culture the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in ambient oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for three days with a daily medium change. At differentiation day five, treat each well with 100 microliters of 0.02%EDTA solution for 30 seconds and remove the solution immediately.

Add 100 microliters of fresh RPMI-based differentiation medium and repeat the same procedure for the rest of the plates. For differentiation between days six to ten, replace the culture medium with 100 microliters of RPMI-based differentiation medium. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for five days with a daily medium change.

For differentiation between days 11 to 15, replace the culture medium with 100 microliters of RPMI-based differentiation medium, supplemented with 2%B27 and 20 nanograms per milliliter of HGF. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius under 4%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for five days with a daily medium change. For differentiation between days 16 to 20, replace the culture medium with a hepatocyte cell culture medium supplemented with 20 nanograms per milliliter of oncostatin-M.

Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in ambient oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide for five days with a daily medium change. At the completion of differentiation on day 20, replace the culture medium with 100 microliters of fresh hepatocyte cell culture medium supplemented with 20 nanograms per milliliter of oncostatin-M. After incubating for 24 hours, retrieve the culture medium into a fresh 96-well plate and store at 20 degrees Celsius.

Repeat the same collection procedure for the rest of the plates. Add 90 microliters of fresh hepatocyte cell culture medium supplemented with oncostatin-M into each well of the 96-well plate. Add ten microliters of each chosen compound from a previously prepared working stock solution.

Add DMSO to 0.2%to the control wells to match the final concentration in the treated samples. After incubating for 24 hours, collect the culture medium into a fresh 96-well plate and store at 20 degrees Celsius. Repeat the same collection procedure for the rest of the plates.

After five days of treatment, the cells express proteins that are characteristically expressed in the Definitive Endoderm. After five more days of differentiation, the Endoderm converts to a hepatic fate, and the cells express FOXA2 and HNF 4a. After HGF addition, the cells express proteins found in fetal hepatocytes, and at completion of differentiation, the cells adopt a cuboidal morphology with a nucleus containing prominent nucleoli and a large cytoplasm with multiple lipid droplets.

Immunostaining to detect HNF 4a and albumin at day 20 of differentiation shows that the distribution of these hepatocyte proteins is similar across all wells. iPSCs were used to screen for APOB-lowering compounds to provide an example of using iPSC-derived hepatocytes for small molecule screening. The z-factor of the APOB assay is 0.73, which confirms the suitability of using the platform for drug discovery.

The post-drug, pre-drug ratio of APOB was determined for each compound. An identification of hits was achieved by z-score analysis. 24 potential hits with an APOB ratio from 0.86 to 0.44 were identified.

After excluding compounds that had a negative impact on cell viability, two compounds were found to be reproducible for lowering APOB. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 25 days if it is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to prepare fresh medium daily.

Incorrect concentration of components due to degradation will change the ability to cells to differentiate. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of drug discovery to explore therapeutic treatment for liver disease using human induced pluripotent stem cells. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to culture and maintain human induced pluripotent stem cells and to perform hepatic differentiation in a small surface pressed form for high-throughput screening.

Don't forget that working with human induced pluripotent stem cells can be extremely hazardous and the personal protective equipment, such as gloves and a lab coat, should always be worn while performing this procedure.