Name: Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-05-22T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 37 s
Description: Learn to isolate extracellular vesicles from adult Schistosoma japonicum using a gentle, efficient protocol that minimizes stress and non-physiological secretion. This method enables physiological EV analysis for parasitology research.

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5 minutes

This study was, in part or in whole, supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472187 and 31672550) and The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

All animal experiments were approved by the local ethics committee of Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Permit Number: SHVRIAU-14-0101).
1. In Vitro Culture of Schistosomes
Note:&#160;Schistosomes represent a biohazard. Workers should wear latex gloves at all times when handling worms, schistosomal suspensions, or other related biological materials. New Zealand rabbits were infected with ~2,000 cercariae via abdominal exposure. Schistosomes at the liver stage were collected from rabbits infected with S. japonicum cercariae at 28 days post-infection by perfusion of liver and mesenteric veins. The procedures of worm collection have been referenced in previous publications reporting studies in mice18.
<ol>
	<li>Collect parasites in a 500-mL beaker. Wash them thoroughly and gently 3x with 200 mL of preheated (37 &#176;C) PBS (pH 7.4).</li>
	<li>Separate ~200 worm pairs for each 90 mm Petri dish. Then wash the parasites thoroughly and gently 2x with 50 mL of preheated (37 &#176;C) RPMI-1640 culture medium containing 100 U of penicillin and 100 mg/mL of streptomycin.</li>
	<li>Maintain parasites in 40 mL of preheated RPMI-1640 culture medium without antibiotics&#160;at 37 &#176;C under 5% CO2 at a density of ~5 worm pairs /mL for 2 h in 90 mm Petri dish. 
	Notes: The RPMI 1640 medium should not contain serum, otherwise exogenous extracellular vesicle will be introduced.</li>
</ol>
2. Pre-treated Condition Media
<ol>
	<li>Collect the culture medium and then centrifuge the medium at 4 &#176;C at 2,000 &#215; g for 30 min to remove eggs and worm tegmental debris.</li>
	<li>Transfer the supernatant to a fresh tube and then filter the solution using a 0.22 &#181;m syringe filter.</li>
	<li>Collect the filtered solution in a dialyzed bag (molecular weight cut-off: 3.5kD) and then dialyze the solution using 8% PEG8000 solution at 4 &#176;C overnight. 
	Notes: This step is important to enrich SjEVs for increasing the yield of SjEVs isolation.</li>
</ol>
3. Isolation of SjEVs
<ol>
	<li>Transfer the dialyzed solution to a new tube and then add 0.5 volumes of the total exosome isolation reagent.</li>
	<li>Mix the solution well by vortexing or pipetting up and down to ensure homogeneity of the solution.</li>
	<li>Incubate the mixture at 2 &#176;C to 8 &#176;C overnight.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the mixture at 15,000 &#215; g for 1 h at 2 &#176;C to 8 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Aspirate and discard the supernatant. 
	Notes: EVs are contained in the pellet at the bottom of the tube (not visible in most of the cases).</li>
	<li>Resuspend the EVs pellet in 2 mL of PBS and then store the EVs solution at -80 &#176;C until further analysis.</li>
</ol>
4. Characterization of EVs by Western Blotting
<ol>
	<li>Determine the protein concentration of the SjEVs sample, e.g., by BCA assay.</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 - 20 &#181;g of EVs in 22.5 &#181;L RIPA buffer. Then add 7.5 &#181;L of 4x loading buffer and heat for 5 min at 95 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Separate SjEVs proteins by 12% SDS-PAGE gel.</li>
	<li>Transfer the proteins to PVDF membrane and then probe with anti-CD63 antibodies (1:1,000 dilution), followed by probing with anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (1:5,000 dilution).</li>
	<li>Use ECL detection reagent for membrane development and detect the signals by a chemiluminescence imaging system.</li>
</ol>
5. Characterization of EVs by Transmission Electron Microscopy
<ol>
	<li>Add 2 &#181;L of isolated SjEVs to 200 mesh formvar-coated grids and then allow it to dry at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Stain with 2% Phosphotungstic Acid for 1 min and then allow it to dry at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Load the grids onto the sample holder of the transmission electron microscope and exposed to an 80 kV electron beam for image capture.</li>
</ol>
6. SjEVs Label with PKH67 and Cell Uptake Assay
Notes: All subsequent steps were performed at ambient temperature (20 - 25 &#176;C), unless otherwise indicated.
<ol>
	<li>Transfer 5 &#181;g SjEVs solution into a conical bottom polypropylene tube and adjust the volume to 12 mL by adding RPMI 1640 medium.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the SjEVs at 110,000 &#215; g for 90 min at 4 &#176;C to pellet SjEVs.</li>
	<li>After centrifugation, carefully aspirate the supernatant. 
	Note: The PKH67 ethanolic dye should not be added directly to the SjEV pellet, as this would result in heterogeneous staining and reduced cell viability.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 2x&#160;EV Suspension solution by adding 1 mL of Diluent C to the SjEV pellet; to ensure complete dispersion, resuspend with gentle pipetting.</li>
	<li>Just before staining in Diluent C, prepare a fresh 2x&#160;Dye Solution by adding 2 &#181;L of the PKH67 ethanolic dye solution to 1 mL of Diluent C in a polypropylene centrifuge tube and mixing well to disperse.</li>
	<li>Rapidly add the 1 mL of 2x EV Suspension (Step 6.4) to 1 mL of 2x&#160;Dye Solution (Step 6.5) and immediately mix the sample by pipetting.</li>
	<li>Incubate the mixture at room temperature for 4 min.</li>
	<li>Stop the staining by adding 4&#160;mL of FBS and then incubate for 1 min.</li>
	<li>Add RPMI1640 medium to adjust the volume to 12 mL and then centrifuge at 110,000 &#215; g at 4 &#176;C for 90 min.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant and add RPMI1640 medium to resuspend the PKH67 labeled SjEV pellets.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 110,000 &#215; g at 4 &#176;C for 90 min to wash once and then add PBS to resuspend the SjEVs pellets.</li>
</ol>
7. SjEVs Cell Uptake Assay
<ol>
	<li>Seed mammalian cells such as NCTC clone 1469 cells or HEK293T cells in 6-well plates (2&#215; 105 cells per well) and culture the cells overnight.</li>
	<li>Add 5 &#181;g PKH67-labelled SjEVs and then culture cells at 37 &#176;C for 2 - 4 h.</li>
	<li>After incubation, remove the medium and wash the cells with PBS twice.</li>
	<li>Fix the cells with 4% formaldehyde solution for 15 min and washed twice more with PBS.</li>
	<li>Stain cell nuclei with 4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).</li>
	<li>Observe the cells using fluorescence microscopy.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Tetta, C., Ghigo, E., Silengo, L., Deregibus, M. C., Camussi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Extracellular+vesicles+as+an+emerging+mechanism+of+cell-to-cell+communication%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Extracellular vesicles as an emerging mechanism of cell-to-cell communication.</a> Endocrine. 44 (1), 11-19 (2013).</li>
<li>Abels, E. R., Breakefield, X. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Introduction+to+Extracellular+Vesicles%3A+Biogenesis%2C+RNA+Cargo+Selection%2C+Content%2C+Release%2C+and+Uptake%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Mol+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Introduction to Extracellular Vesicles: Biogenesis, RNA Cargo Selection, Content, Release, and Uptake.</a> Cell Mol Neurobiol. 36 (3), 301-312 (2016).</li>
<li>Riaz, F., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Exosome-like+vesicles+of+helminths%3A+implication+of+pathogenesis+and+vaccine+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Transl+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Exosome-like vesicles of helminths: implication of pathogenesis and vaccine development.</a> Ann Transl Med. 5 (7), 175(2017).</li>
<li>Zhang, H. G., Grizzle, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Exosomes+and+cancer%3A+a+newly+described+pathway+of+immune+suppression%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clin+Cancer+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Exosomes and cancer: a newly described pathway of immune suppression.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 17 (5), 959-964 (2011).</li>
<li>Colombo, M., Raposo, G., Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Biogenesis%2C+secretion%2C+and+intercellular+interactions+of+exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annu+Rev+Cell+Dev+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 30, 255-289 (2014).</li>
<li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Circular+RNA+is+enriched+and+stable+in+exosomes%3A+a+promising+biomarker+for+cancer+diagnosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Circular RNA is enriched and stable in exosomes: a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis.</a> Cell Res. 25 (8), 981-984 (2015).</li>
<li>Marcilla, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Extracellular+vesicles+in+parasitic+diseases%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Extracell+Vesicles%22%5BJournal%5D)">Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 3, 25040(2014).</li>
<li>Cwiklinski, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Extracellular+Vesicles+of+the+Helminth+Pathogen%2C+Fasciola+hepatica%3A+Biogenesis+Pathways+and+Cargo+Molecules+Involved+in+Parasite+Pathogenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Cell+Proteomics%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Extracellular Vesicles of the Helminth Pathogen, Fasciola hepatica: Biogenesis Pathways and Cargo Molecules Involved in Parasite Pathogenesis.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 14 (12), 3258-3273 (2015).</li>
<li>Buck, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25421927">Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 5488(2014).</li>
<li>Sotillo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Extracellular+vesicles+secreted+by+Schistosoma+mansoni+contain+protein+vaccine+candidates%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Int+J+Parasitol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Extracellular vesicles secreted by Schistosoma mansoni contain protein vaccine candidates.</a> Int J Parasitol. 46 (1), 1-5 (2016).</li>
<li>Nowacki, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Protein+and+small+non-coding+RNA-enriched+extracellular+vesicles+are+released+by+the+pathogenic+blood+fluke+Schistosoma+mansoni%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Extracell+Vesicles%22%5BJournal%5D)">Protein and small non-coding RNA-enriched extracellular vesicles are released by the pathogenic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 4, 28665(2015).</li>
<li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Exosome-like+vesicles+derived+by+Schistosoma+japonicum+adult+worms+mediates+M1+type+immune-+activity+of+macrophage%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Parasitol+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Exosome-like vesicles derived by Schistosoma japonicum adult worms mediates M1 type immune- activity of macrophage.</a> Parasitol Res. 114 (5), 1865-1873 (2015).</li>
<li>Koh, Y. Q., Almughlliq, F. B., Vaswani, K., Peiris, H. N., Mitchell, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Exosome+enrichment+by+ultracentrifugation+and+size+exclusion+chromatography%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Front+Biosci+%28Landmark+Ed%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Exosome enrichment by ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography.</a> Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 23, 865-874 (2018).</li>
<li>Safdar, A., Saleem, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+potential+of+endurance+exercise-derived+exosomes+to+treat+metabolic+diseases%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Rev+Endocrinol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases.</a> Nat Rev Endocrinol. 12 (9), 504-517 (2016).</li>
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<li>Zhu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Release+of+extracellular+vesicles+containing+small+RNAs+from+the+eggs+of+Schistosoma+japonicum%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Parasit+Vectors%22%5BJournal%5D)">Release of extracellular vesicles containing small RNAs from the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum.</a> Parasit Vectors. 9 (1), 574(2016).</li>
<li>Zhu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+characterization+of+S.+japonicum+exosome-like+vesicles+reveals+their+regulatory+roles+in+parasite-host+interactions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular characterization of S. japonicum exosome-like vesicles reveals their regulatory roles in parasite-host interactions.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25885(2016).</li>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Recent studies on EVs have demonstrated that schistosome EVs play an important role in host-pathogen interactions3,9,12,16. To further address their regulatory functions, it is essential to isolate EVs from schistosomes. Here, we describe an alternative method for SjEV isolation. This method yields a wide range size of SjEVs, from 100 nm to 400 nm, in adult S. japonicum. The following ...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a population of small membrane-bound vesicles encapsulated with various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Recent studies demonstrated that EVs play a crucial role in cell-cell communication, and are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including cell development, immune regulation, angiogenesis, and cell migration2,3,4,5. Accumulating evidence indicates that EVs, circulating exosomes, and their miRNA cargo represents potential biomarkers of certain diseases6.
Several protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp., have been shown to be able to secrete EVs; helminths have additionally been found to secrete EVs into living hosts7. Parasitic EVs have been shown to be involved in the maintenance of infection, pathogenicity8, and immune regulation9. Recent studies in schistosomes both Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) 10,11&#160;and S. japonicum12 have indicated that adult schistosomes secrete exosome-like vesicles that may be involved in the functional regulations of specific biological processes.
To date, several methods have been used to isolate extracellular vesicles, such as ultracentrifugation,ultrafiltration13, the use of polymer-based reagents, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunoaffinity isolation. These different methods possess their own advantages and limitations14. Generally, ultracentrifugation is considered the gold standard method for vesicle isolation. However, this method suffers from the limitation of potential EV aggregation14.
In schistosomes, a couple of methods have been reported for EV isolation: these include ultracentrifugation11,12,10 and the use of commercial EV isolation kit16 for several stages (eggs16, schistosomula11, adult schistosomes10,12,17). Given that microvesicles are of a wide range of size from several hundred nanometers to thousand nanometers, we developed an alternative method that combines with the use of bench centrifuge, ultrafiltration, and a commercial EV isolation kit to isolate the EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum. The isolated EVs typically possessed a diameter of 100 - 400 nm and were successfully internalized by the recipient cells.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Material&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (from cell culture media)</td><td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td><td>4478359</td><td>For isolating S. japonicum extracellular vesicles</td></tr><tr><td>PKH67</td><td>Sigma-aldrich</td><td>MINI67</td><td>For labeling Evs</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td><td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td><td>11875119</td><td>For parasite culture</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td><td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22&amp;mu;m syringe filter</td><td>Merck</td><td>SLGP033RB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing</td><td>Thermo SCIENTIFIC</td><td>68035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PEG8000</td><td>Sangon Biotech</td><td>A100159&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RIPA</td><td>Beyotime</td><td>P0013B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMD Millipore&amp;trade; Immobilon&amp;trade; Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (ECL)</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>WBKLS0100&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>4083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BCA kit</td><td>Beyotime</td><td>P0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD63 antibodies</td><td>Sangon Biotech</td><td>D160973-0025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1704273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formvar/Carbon 400 mesh</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>01754-F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphotungstic Acid</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>19402</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td><td>CWBIO</td><td>CW0102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NCTC clone 1469 cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC&amp;reg; CCL-9.1&amp;trade;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>HyClone</td><td>SV30087.02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipments&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GE chemoluminescance imaging system</td><td>GE</td><td>ImageQuant LAS4000mini</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transmission electron microscopy</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>H-7600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Milli-Q water</td><td>Milli-Q</td><td>Milli-Q Elix</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendor Centrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Centrifuge 5804R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zetasizer Nano</td><td>Malvern</td><td>Zetasizer Nano ZS&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>Optima L-100 XP Ultracentrifuge</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>ESCO</td><td>CCL-107B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Zeiss Axin Observer Z1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from adult schistosoma japonicum

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of heterogeneous vesicles, whose size range between 40 and 1,000 nm. Accumulated evidence indicated that EVs play important regulatory roles in pathogen-host interactions. A deep understanding of schistosome EVs should provide insights into the mechanisms underlying schistosome-host interactions, enabling development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Here, we aim to further study EVs functions in schistosomes by presenting a protocol for the isolation and characterization of EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). EVs were isolated from in vitro culture medium using centrifugation combined with a commercial exosome isolation kit. The isolated S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) typically possess a diameter of 100 - 400 nm, and are characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and western blotting. The usage of PKH67 dye-labeled SjEVs has demonstrated that SjEVs are internalized by the recipient cells. Overall, our protocol provides an alternative method for isolating EVs from adult schistosomes; the isolated SjEVs may be suitable for functional analysis.

To quantify the yield of isolated SjEVs using the described protocol, we used BCA protein assay to access the protein concentration of the isolated SjEVs from 28-day adult schistosomes. As shown in Table 1, the SjEV protein concentration ranged from 208 µg to 250 µg per 100 mL of medium (Table 1).The particle size, as determined by Malvern nanoparticle analysis, indicated that the isolated SjEVs ranged from 100 nm to 400 nm, with the highest population ar...

Here, we present a protocol to describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation in in vitro cultured medium from adult Schistosoma japonicum.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

isolation-characterization-extracellular-vesicles-from-adult

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Learn to isolate extracellular vesicles from adult Schistosoma japonicum using a gentle, efficient protocol that minimizes stress and non-physiological secretion. This method enables physiological EV analysis for parasitology research.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

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