Name: Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-09-13T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 30 s
Description: Discover a genome-wide method to measure endogenous transcription errors in eukaryotic organisms using circularization and sequencing. This protocol enables precise monitoring of transcriptional fidelity.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This publication was made possible by funding from grant T32ES019851 (to C. Fritsch), R01AG054641, and an AFAR young investigator grant (to M. Vermulst).

<ol><li>Kireeva, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transient+reversal+of+RNA+polymerase+II+active+site+closing+controls+fidelity+of+transcription+elongation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Molecular+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transient reversal of RNA polymerase II active site closing controls fidelity of transcription elongation.</a> Molecular Cell. 30, 557-566 (2008).</li>
<li>Walmacq, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rpb9+subunit+controls+transcription+fidelity+by+delaying+NTP+sequestration+in+RNA+polymerase+II%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rpb9 subunit controls transcription fidelity by delaying NTP sequestration in RNA polymerase II.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284, 19601-19612 (2009).</li>
<li>Strathern, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+fidelity+of+transcription%3A+RPB1+%28RPO21%29+mutations+that+increase+transcriptional+slippage+in+S.+cerevisiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">The fidelity of transcription: RPB1 (RPO21) mutations that increase transcriptional slippage in S. cerevisiae.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288, 2689-2699 (2013).</li>
<li>Irvin, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+genetic+assay+for+transcription+errors+reveals+multilayer+control+of+RNA+polymerase+II+fidelity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+Genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">A genetic assay for transcription errors reveals multilayer control of RNA polymerase II fidelity.</a> PLoS Genetics. 10, e1004532(2014).</li>
<li>Gout, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+landscape+of+transcription+errors+in+eukaryotic+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science+Advances%22%5BJournal%5D)">The landscape of transcription errors in eukaryotic cells.</a> Science Advances. 3, e1701484(2017).</li>
<li>Gout, J. F., Thomas, W. K., Smith, Z., Okamoto, K., Lynch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Large-scale+detection+of+in+vivo+transcription+errors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">Large-scale detection of in vivo transcription errors.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 110, 18584-18589 (2013).</li>
<li>Viswanathan, A., You, H. J., Doetsch, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phenotypic+change+caused+by+transcriptional+bypass+of+uracil+in+nondividing+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phenotypic change caused by transcriptional bypass of uracil in nondividing cells.</a> Science. 284, 159-162 (1999).</li>
<li>Bregeon, D., Doddridge, Z. A., You, H. J., Weiss, B., Doetsch, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transcriptional+mutagenesis+induced+by+uracil+and+8-oxoguanine+in+Escherichia+coli%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Molecular+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transcriptional mutagenesis induced by uracil and 8-oxoguanine in Escherichia coli.</a> Molecular Cell. 12, 959-970 (2003).</li>
<li>Saxowsky, T. T., Doetsch, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((RNA+polymerase+encounters+with+DNA+damage%3A+transcription-coupled+repair+or+transcriptional+mutagenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Reviews%22%5BJournal%5D)">RNA polymerase encounters with DNA damage: transcription-coupled repair or transcriptional mutagenesis.</a> Chemical Reviews. 106, 474-488 (2006).</li>
<li>Saxowsky, T. T., Meadows, K. L., Klungland, A., Doetsch, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((8-Oxoguanine-mediated+transcriptional+mutagenesis+causes+Ras+activation+in+mammalian+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">8-Oxoguanine-mediated transcriptional mutagenesis causes Ras activation in mammalian cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 105, 18877-18882 (2008).</li>
<li>Vermulst, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transcription+errors+induce+proteotoxic+stress+and+shorten+cellular+lifespan%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transcription errors induce proteotoxic stress and shorten cellular lifespan.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 8065(2015).</li>
<li>van Leeuwen, F. W., Burbach, J. P., Hol, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mutations+in+RNA%3A+a+first+example+of+molecular+misreading+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+in+Neurosciences%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mutations in RNA: a first example of molecular misreading in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 21, 331-335 (1998).</li>
<li>van Leeuwen, F. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Frameshift+mutants+of+beta+amyloid+precursor+protein+and+ubiquitin-B+in+Alzheimer%27s+and+Down+patients%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Frameshift mutants of beta amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's and Down patients.</a> Science. 279, 242-247 (1998).</li>
<li>Morreall, J. F., Petrova, L., Doetsch, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transcriptional+mutagenesis+and+its+potential+roles+in+the+etiology+of+cancer+and+bacterial+antibiotic+resistance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Cellular+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transcriptional mutagenesis and its potential roles in the etiology of cancer and bacterial antibiotic resistance.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 228, 2257-2261 (2013).</li>
<li>Strathern, J. N., Jin, D. J., Court, D. L., Kashlev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+and+characterization+of+transcription+fidelity+mutants%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation and characterization of transcription fidelity mutants.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1819, 694-699 (2012).</li>
<li>Acevedo, A., Andino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Library+preparation+for+highly+accurate+population+sequencing+of+RNA+viruses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Protocols%22%5BJournal%5D)">Library preparation for highly accurate population sequencing of RNA viruses.</a> Nature Protocols. 9, 1760-1769 (2014).</li>
<li>Traverse, C. C., Ochman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genome-Wide+Spectra+of+Transcription+Insertions+and+Deletions+Reveal+That+Slippage+Depends+on+RNA%3ADNA+Hybrid+Complementarity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22mBio%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genome-Wide Spectra of Transcription Insertions and Deletions Reveal That Slippage Depends on RNA:DNA Hybrid Complementarity.</a> mBio. 8, (2017).</li>
<li>Martin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://journal.embnet.org/index.php/embnetjournal/article/view/200">Cutadapt Removes Adapter Sequences From High-Throughput Sequencing Reads.</a> EMBnet.journal. 17 (1), 10-12 (2011).</li>
<li>Kent, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((BLAT--the+BLAST-like+alignment+tool%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Genome+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">BLAT--the BLAST-like alignment tool.</a> Genome Research. 12, 656-664 (2002).</li>
<li>Kim, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TopHat2%3A+accurate+alignment+of+transcriptomes+in+the+presence+of+insertions%2C+deletions+and+gene+fusions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Genome+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.</a> Genome Biology. 14, R36(2013).</li>
<li>Zhou, Y. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+and+characterization+of+RNA+polymerase+rpoB+mutations+that+alter+transcription+slippage+during+elongation+in+Escherichia+coli%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation and characterization of RNA polymerase rpoB mutations that alter transcription slippage during elongation in Escherichia coli.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288, 2700-2710 (2013).</li>
<li>Reid-Bayliss, K. S., Loeb, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Accurate+RNA+consensus+sequencing+for+high-fidelity+detection+of+transcriptional+mutagenesis-induced+epimutations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">Accurate RNA consensus sequencing for high-fidelity detection of transcriptional mutagenesis-induced epimutations.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 114, 9415-9420 (2017).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the preparation of C-seq libraries for the detection of transcription errors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol has numerous advantages over existing protocols, as well as alternative techniques.
Over the past 15 years, numerous reporter systems have been developed that rely on luciferase7,8 or Cre-Lox rec...

The genome provides a precise biological blueprint of life. To implement this blueprint correctly, it is important for the genome to be transcribed with great precision. However, transcription is unlikely to be error free. For example, RNA polymerases have long been known to be error-prone in vitro1,2, and recently it was shown that they commit errors in vivo as well3,5,6, particularly when confronted with DNA damage7,8,9,10. Taken together, these observations indicate that transcription errors occur continuously in all living cells, suggesting that they could be a potent source of mutated proteins.
This process, termed transcriptional mutagenesis, differs from classical mutagenesis in two ways. First, in contrast to genetic mutations, transcription errors affect both mitotic and post-mitotic cells, as they do not depend on DNA replication. Studying the mechanisms that impact the fidelity of transcription will, therefore, provide valuable insight into the mutation load of both mitotic and post-mitotic cells. Interestingly, transcription errors have recently been implicated in the promotion of protein aggregation11,12,13 and have been hypothesized to contribute to both carcinogenesis10 and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria14.
Second, in contrast to genetic mutations, transcription errors are transient in nature. Their temporary existence is particularly challenging because it makes transcription errors exceedingly difficult to detect. For example, while several labs have devised valuable reporter assays for the study of transcriptional mutagenesis, these assays are only able to measure transcription errors in a limited number of contexts and model organisms4,15. To overcome these limitations, many researchers have turned to RNA sequencing technology (RNA-seq), which theoretically allows transcription errors to be recorded throughout the transcriptome of any species. However, these studies are easily confounded by library construction artifacts, such as reverse transcription errors, PCR amplification errors, and the error-prone nature of sequencing itself. For example, reverse transcriptases commit approximately one error every ~20,000 bases, while RNA polymerases (RNAPs) are expected to make only one error every 300,000 bases5,6. Because the error rate of reverse transcription alone dwarfs the error rate of RNA polymerases inside cells, it is virtually impossible to distinguish true transcription errors from artifacts caused by the library preparation in traditional RNA-Seq data (Figure 1a).
To solve this problem, we developed an optimized version of the Circle-Sequencing (Cirseq, or C-seq henceforth) assay5,16. This assay allows the user to detect transcription errors and other rare variants in RNA throughout the transcriptome5. The circular-sequencing assay carries this name because a key step in this assay revolves around RNA circularization. Once the RNA targets are circularized, they are reverse transcribed in a rolling circle fashion, to produce linear cDNA molecules that contain numerous copies of the same RNA template. If an error was present in one of these templates, this error would also be present in every single repeat contained within the cDNA molecule. In contrast, errors introduced by reverse transcription, PCR amplification, or sequencing tend to arise randomly, and will thus be present in only one or two repeats. Thus, by generating a consensus sequence for each cDNA molecule, and distinguishing random errors from errors that occur in all repeats, library construction artifacts can effectively be separated from true transcription errors (Figure 1b).
If used properly, the C-seq assay can be used to accurately detect the rate of base substitutions, insertions, and deletions in RNA throughout the transcriptome of any species (for example, see Traverse and Ochman17). For example, we have used the C-seq assay to provide genome-wide measurements of the error rate of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans with a single base resolution5 (unpublished observations). Originally used to accurately sequence RNA virus populations, this optimized version of the C-seq assay has been streamlined to minimize harsh conditions during the library preparation that contribute to library construction artifacts. In addition, by using a number of commercially available kits, the throughput of the assay is greatly improved, as well as its user-friendliness. If used properly, this assay can accurately detect thousands of transcription errors per replicate, thereby greatly improving on previous studies6. Overall, this method provides a powerful tool to study transcriptional mutagenesis and will allow the user to gain novel insights into the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription in a wide range of organisms.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RiboPure RNA purification kit</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>AM1926</td><td>Total RNA purification</td></tr><tr><td>Genelute mRNA purification kit</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>MRN70-1KT</td><td>mRNA purification</td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free Water</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9937</td><td>Elution and dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Ambion RNase III</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>AM2290</td><td>RNA fragmentation</td></tr><tr><td>T4 RNA Ligase 1 (ssRNA Ligase)</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0204S</td><td>RNA circularization</td></tr><tr><td>Ribolock</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>EO0381</td><td>RNase inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>18080044</td><td>Rolling circle reverse transcription</td></tr><tr><td>10 mM dNTP mix</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>18427013</td><td>Rolling circle reverse transcription</td></tr><tr><td>Random hexamers (50 ng/&amp;micro;L)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>N8080127</td><td>Rolling circle reverse transcription</td></tr><tr><td>NEB Second Strand Synthesis Module</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E6111S</td><td>Second Strand Synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>NEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E7370S</td><td>cDNA library preparation</td></tr><tr><td>NEB Next index primers</td><td>NEB</td><td>E7335S</td><td>Multiplex PCR primers</td></tr><tr><td>Oligo Clean &amp;amp; Concentrator</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4061</td><td>Clean up of RNA and DNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>DynaMag-2 Magnet</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>12321D</td><td>Magnetic bead purification</td></tr><tr><td>AMPure XP beads</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>A63881</td><td>Magnetic bead purification</td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf 5424 Microcentrifuge</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>05-403-93</td><td>centrifugation</td></tr><tr><td>INCU-Shaker 10 L</td><td>Benchmark Scientific</td><td>H1010</td><td>Cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td><td>BIO RAD</td><td>1861096</td><td>Medium to High temperature cycling conditions</td></tr><tr><td>PTC-200 Thermal Cycler</td><td>GMI</td><td>8252-30-0001&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Low temperature cycling conditions</td></tr><tr><td>RNase Away</td><td>Molecular Bioproducts</td><td>700S-11</td><td>Sterilization</td></tr><tr><td>50 mL Centrifuge Tube</td><td>Corning</td><td>430290</td><td>Nuclease-free</td></tr><tr><td>15 mL Centrifuge Tube</td><td>Corning</td><td>430052</td><td>Nuclease-free</td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf tubes</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1615-5500</td><td>Nuclease-free</td></tr><tr><td>4200 Tapestation System</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2991AA</td><td>Nucleotide analysis instrument for quality control of RNA and single stranded DNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>High Sensitivity RNA Screen Tape</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-5579</td><td>Quality control of RNA and single stranded DNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>RNA ScreenTape Sample Buffer</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-5577</td><td>Quality control of RNA and single stranded DNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>RNA ScreenTape Ladder</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-5578</td><td>Quality control of RNA and single stranded DNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>2100 Bioanalyzer Instrument</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2939BA</td><td>Double stranded DNA quality control</td></tr><tr><td>High Sensitivity DNA Kit</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-4626</td><td>Quality control for double stranded cDNA samples</td></tr><tr><td>Water Bath</td><td>VWR</td><td>462-0244</td><td>Incubation</td></tr><tr><td>NanoDrop 2000/2000C Spectrophotometer</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>ND-2000C</td><td>Determination of RNA concentration</td></tr></tbody></table>

genome-wide surveillance of transcription errors in eukaryotic organisms

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription. To fill this gap in scientific knowledge, we recently optimized the circle-sequencing assay to detect transcription errors throughout the transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol will provide researchers with a powerful new tool to map the landscape of transcription errors in eukaryotic cells so that the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription can be elucidated in unprecedented detail.

Like all massively parallel sequencing approaches, each C-seq experiment produces an unwieldy, large dataset. For first-time users, it can be difficult to handle these datasets; thus, it is recommended that all users contact an experienced bio-informatician prior to the experimentation. On average, the expectation is that users will generate approximately 55–70 Giga bases (Gbases) per run on most massively parallel sequencing platforms. For this protocol, typically, 12–30 samples were mul...

This protocol provides researchers with a new tool to monitor the fidelity of transcription in multiple model organisms.

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that ...

genome-wide-surveillance-transcription-errors-eukaryotic

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

We present a strategic plan and protocol for identifying non-coding genetic variants affecting transcription factor (TF) DNA binding. A detailed experimental protocol is provided for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genotype-dependent TF DNA binding.

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

Here, we present a protocol to achieve near base pair resolution of protein-DNA interactions. This is obtained by exonuclease treatment of DNA fragments selectively enriched by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-exo) followed by high throughput sequencing.

The ChIP-exo Method: Identifying Protein-DNA Interactions with Near Base Pair Precision

We describe a basic experimental approach for analysis of termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II in vivo using BrUTP by the strand-specific transcription run-on (TRO) approach in budding yeast. This protocol can be extended to study transcription termination by other RNA polymerases both in yeast and higher eukaryotes.

Analysis of Termination of Transcription Using BrUTP-strand-specific Transcription Run-on (TRO) Approach

We describe chromatin endogenous cleavage coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChEC-seq), a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-orthogonal method for mapping protein binding sites genome-wide with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) fusion proteins.

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes the combinatorial use of ChIP-seq, 4sU-seq, total RNA-seq, and ribosome profiling for cell lines and primary cells. It enables tracking changes in transcription-factor binding, de novo transcription, RNA processing, turnover and translation over time, and displaying the overall course of events in activated and/or rapidly changing cells.

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Utilizing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) is a powerful method for precise, efficient genome editing. Here, we highlight its utility across a broad range of cells and organisms, including primary human cells and both classic and emerging model organisms.

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool for genomic characterization that is limited by the high error rate of the platform (~0.5–2.0%). We describe our methods of error-corrected sequencing that allow us to obviate the NGS error rate and detect mutations at variant allele fractions as rare as 0.0001.

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

We present a rapid and efficient method to detect common fragile site breaks through native γH2A.X chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). This approach significantly reduces both the time and labor associated with traditional γH2A.X ChIP assays while maintaining high reproducibility and reliability of results.

Capturing Common Fragile Site Breaks by Native &#947;H2A.X ChIP

Insertional mutagenesis is an essential tool in forward genetics for identifying functional genomic elements. Here, we describe the Insertion-based Screen for functional Elements and Transcripts (InSET), a method for detecting lentivirus integration sites within a lentivirus-based insertional mutagenesis cell library.

Identification of Functionally-Relevant Lentivirus Integration Sites in an Insertional Mutagenesis Cell Library

In this manuscript, we describe a protocol to functionally examine transcription and the inhibitory activity of antibacterial agents targeting bacterial transcription.

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

Discover a genome-wide method to measure endogenous transcription errors in eukaryotic organisms using circularization and sequencing. This protocol enables precise monitoring of transcriptional fidelity.

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Explore More Videos