Name: Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2019-05-11T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min
Description: Learn CFDA loading techniques in Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls to visualize shootward fluorescent probe movement. This method reveals how loading procedures affect intercellular transport efficiency and symplastic barriers in plant phloem.

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5 minutes

This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671257) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry (LXT-16-18).

1. Arabidopsis vertical growth in MS medium
<ol>
	<li>The interior of laminar flow cabinet needs to be treated with 30 min UV light and 15 min airflow before usage. Make sure to close the glass door when UV light is on. Spray all tools and plates with 70% ethanol before placing them in the cabinet.</li>
	<li>Prepare the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in a standard 90 mm-diameter Petri dish under a laminar flow cabinet. 
	NOTE: The MS medium contains the following components: 20.6 mM NH4NO3, 18.8 mM KNO3, 1.25 mM KH2PO4, 1.5 mM MgSO4&#183;7H2O, 3 mM CaCl2&#183;2H2O, 0.1 mM MnSO4&#183;H2O, 1.03 &#181;M Na2MoO4&#183;2H2O, 0.1 mM H3BO3, 30 &#181;M ZnSO4&#183;7H2O, 0.1 &#181;M CuSO4&#183;5H2O, 0.1 &#181;M CoCl2&#183;6H2O, 1.39 &#181;M KI, 97 &#181;M FeSO4&#183;7H2O, 114.5 &#181;M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 4.07 &#181;M nicotinic Acid, 2.44 &#181;M pyridoxine HCl, 0.15 &#181;M thiamine HCl, 2.68 mM glycine, 555 &#181;M myo-inositol, 87.7 mM sucrose and 10 g/L agar.</li>
	<li>Moisturize the sterilized tips or toothpicks by touching the tip or toothpicks to the MS medium, then dip the sterilized seeds one by one onto the fixed position of each Petri dish indicated by the seeding card.</li>
	<li>Seal the Petri dish with paraffin film and sticky tape and place it vertically on a clear stand in a growth room (22 &#176;C, 70% moisture) with a day cycle of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (lighting from 6 am to 10 pm). The Arabidopsis plant is ready for CFDA loading on day 9-13 after sowing. 
	NOTE: The following procedure is performed in the afternoon from 2 pm to 5 pm.</li>
</ol>
2. CFDA loading with the root cutting procedure
<ol>
	<li>Prepare fresh CFDA working solution immediately before use. Dilute the 1 mM CFDA stock solution stored in -20 &#176;C freezer with sterile ultrapure water to a working concentration of 5 &#181;M.</li>
	<li>Cut the micro-porous paraffin membrane film (see Table of Materials) into small pieces of 3 mm x 3 mm size.</li>
	<li>Uncover the growing plants in the room at 22 &#176;C and clear the excess moisture with a paper towel. Place the small film pieces below each root. 
	NOTE: From this to step 2.6, the whole process should be completed within 15 min.</li>
	<li>Lift the plants onto the Petri dish lid. Cut the roots in a position about 5-10 mm below the root-hypocotyl junction. Place the shoot part back on to the film on the medium.</li>
	<li>Carefully apply 0.25 &#181;L of CFDA onto the cutting end of each root under a dissecting microscope. Avoid splashing to other parts of plant.</li>
	<li>Cover the plate and leave the plants under light for 2-3 h (22 &#176;C) in the growth room.</li>
	<li>Rinse the stained plants three times sequentially in three separate beakers filled with distilled water, then observe the plants under a stereo-fluorescence microscope with zoom from 1.4x to 3.3x (see the Table of Materials). For fluorescence detection, use a high efficiency filter cube (470/20 nm excitation, 495 nm split and 525/50 nm emission) mounted to transmit the fluorescence signal.</li>
</ol>
3. CFDA loading with hypocotyl-pinching procedure
<ol>
	<li>Prepare fresh CFDA working solution immediately before use. Dilute the 1 mM CFDA stock solution stored in -20 &#176;C freezer with sterile ultrapure water (see the Table of Materials) to a working concentration of 5 &#181;M.</li>
	<li>Cut the micro-porous paraffin membrane film (see Table of Materials) into small pieces of 3 mm x 3 mm size.</li>
	<li>Uncover the growing plants in the room at 22 &#176;C and clear the excess moisture with a paper towel. 
	NOTE: From this to step 3.7, the whole process should be completed within 15 min.</li>
	<li>Lay a small piece of film under the root-hypocotyl junction of each plant.</li>
	<li>Use forceps to gently pinch the hypocotyl near to the root-hypocotyl junction under a dissecting microscope.</li>
	<li>Carefully apply 0.1 &#181;L of CFDA onto the wound site under a dissecting microscope. Avoid splashing to other parts of plant.</li>
	<li>Cover the plate, and leave the plants under light (22 &#176;C) for 2-3 h.</li>
	<li>Rinse the stained plants three times sequentially in three separate beakers filled with distilled water, then observe the plants under a stereo-fluorescence microscope with zoom from 1.4x to 3.3x (see the Table of Materials). For fluorescence detection, mount a high efficiency filter cube (470/20 nm excitation, 495 nm split and 525/50 nm emission) to transmit the fluorescence signal.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Grignon, N., Touraine, B., Durand, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((6%285%29Carboxyfluorescein+as+a+tracer+of+phloem+sap+translocation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22American+Journal+of+Botany%22%5BJournal%5D)">6(5)Carboxyfluorescein as a tracer of phloem sap translocation.</a> American Journal of Botany. 76, 871-877 (1989).</li>
<li>Wright, K. M., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+fluorescent+probe+HPTS+as+a+phloem-mobile%2C+symplastic+tracer%3A+an+evaluation+using+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Experimental+Botany%22%5BJournal%5D)">The fluorescent probe HPTS as a phloem-mobile, symplastic tracer: an evaluation using confocal laser scanning microscopy.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 47 (3), 439-445 (1996).</li>
<li>Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Movement+of+Lucifer+Yellow+CH+in+potato+tuber+storage+tissues%3A+A+comparison+of+symplastic+and+apoplastic+transport%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Planta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Movement of Lucifer Yellow CH in potato tuber storage tissues: A comparison of symplastic and apoplastic transport.</a> Planta. 176 (4), 533-540 (1988).</li>
<li>Knoblauch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Multispectral+Phloem-Mobile+Probes%3A+Properties+and+Applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Multispectral Phloem-Mobile Probes: Properties and Applications.</a> Plant Physiology. 167 (4), 1211-1220 (2015).</li>
<li>Oparka, K. J., Duckett, C. M., Prior, D. A. M., Fisher, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Real-time+imaging+of+phloem+unloading+in+the+root+tip+of+Arabidopsis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Real-time imaging of phloem unloading in the root tip of Arabidopsis.</a> The Plant Journal. 6 (5), 759-766 (1994).</li>
<li>Viola, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tuberization+in+Potato+Involves+a+Switch+from+Apoplastic+to+Symplastic+Phloem+Unloading%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tuberization in Potato Involves a Switch from Apoplastic to Symplastic Phloem Unloading.</a> The Plant Cell. 13 (2), 385-398 (2001).</li>
<li>Roberts, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phloem+Unloading+in+Sink+Leaves+of+Nicotiana+benthamiana%3A+Comparison+of+a+Fluorescent+Solute+with+a+Fluorescent+Virus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana: Comparison of a Fluorescent Solute with a Fluorescent Virus.</a> The Plant Cell. 9 (8), 1381-1396 (1997).</li>
<li>Péron, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((New+Insights+into+Phloem+Unloading+and+Expression+of+Sucrose+Transporters+in+Vegetative+Sinks+of+the+Parasitic+Plant+Phelipanche+ramosa+L+%28Pomel%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Frontiers+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">New Insights into Phloem Unloading and Expression of Sucrose Transporters in Vegetative Sinks of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche ramosa L (Pomel).</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 7 (2048), (2017).</li>
<li>Spallek, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Interspecies+hormonal+control+of+host+root+morphology+by+parasitic+plants%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 114 (20), 5283-5288 (2017).</li>
<li>Complainville, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Nodule+initiation+involves+the+creation+of+a+new+symplasmic+field+in+specific+root+cells+of+medicago+species%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Nodule initiation involves the creation of a new symplasmic field in specific root cells of medicago species.</a> The Plant Cell. 15 (12), 2778-2791 (2003).</li>
<li>Bederska, M., Borucki, W., Znojek, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Movement+of+fluorescent+dyes+Lucifer+Yellow+%28LYCH%29+and+carboxyfluorescein+%28CF%29+in+Medicago+truncatula+Gaertn.+roots+and+root+nodules%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Symbiosis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Movement of fluorescent dyes Lucifer Yellow (LYCH) and carboxyfluorescein (CF) in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. roots and root nodules.</a> Symbiosis. 58 (1-3), 183-190 (2012).</li>
<li>Robards, A. W., Lucas, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Plant+Physiology+and+Plant+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata.</a> Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 41 (1), 369-419 (1990).</li>
<li>Roberts, A. G., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata+and+the+control+of+symplastic+transport%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant%2C+Cell+%26+Environment%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata and the control of symplastic transport.</a> Plant, Cell & Environment. 26 (1), 103-124 (2003).</li>
<li>Duckett, C. M., Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. M., Dolan, L., Roberts, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dye-coupling+in+the+root+epidermis+of+Arabidopsis+is+progressively+reduced+during+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dye-coupling in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis is progressively reduced during development.</a> Development. 120 (11), 3247-3255 (1994).</li>
<li>Palevitz, B. A., Hepler, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Changes+in+dye+coupling+of+stomatal+cells+of+Allium+and+Commelina+demonstrated+by+microinjection+of+Lucifer+yellow%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Planta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Changes in dye coupling of stomatal cells of Allium and Commelina demonstrated by microinjection of Lucifer yellow.</a> Planta. 164 (4), 473-479 (1985).</li>
<li>van Bel, A. J. E., Kempers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Symplastic+isolation+of+the+sieve+element-companion+cell+complex+in+the+phloem+of+Ricinus+communis+and+Salix+alba+stems%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Planta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Symplastic isolation of the sieve element-companion cell complex in the phloem of Ricinus communis and Salix alba stems.</a> Planta. 183 (1), 69-76 (1991).</li>
<li>Erwee, M. G., Goodwin, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Symplast+domains+in+extrastelar+tissues+of+Egeria+densa+Planch%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Planta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Symplast domains in extrastelar tissues of Egeria densa Planch.</a> Planta. 163 (1), 9-19 (1985).</li>
<li>Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. M., Wright, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Symplastic+communication+between+primary+and+developing+lateral+roots+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Experimental+Botany%22%5BJournal%5D)">Symplastic communication between primary and developing lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 46 (2), 187-197 (1995).</li>
<li>Christensen, N. M., Faulkner, C., Oparka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evidence+for+Unidirectional+Flow+through+Plasmodesmata%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evidence for Unidirectional Flow through Plasmodesmata.</a> Plant Physiology. 150 (1), 96-104 (2009).</li>
<li>Wróbel-Marek, J., Kurczyńska, E., Płachno, B. J., Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+symplasmic+domains+in+the+embryo+and+seed+of+Sedum+acre+L.+%28Crassulaceae%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Planta%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of symplasmic domains in the embryo and seed of Sedum acre L. (Crassulaceae).</a> Planta. 245 (3), 491-505 (2017).</li>
<li>Liang, D., White, R. G., Waterhouse, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Gene+silencing+in+Arabidopsis+spreads+from+the+root+to+the+shoot%2C+through+a+gating+barrier%2C+by+template-dependent%2C+non-vascular%2C+cell+to+cell+movement%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Gene silencing in Arabidopsis spreads from the root to the shoot, through a gating barrier, by template-dependent, non-vascular, cell to cell movement.</a> Plant Physiology. 159 (3), 984-1000 (2012).</li>
<li>Radford, J. E., White, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+tissue-preparation-induced+callose+synthesis+on+estimates+of+plasmodesma+size+exclusion+limits%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Protoplasma%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of tissue-preparation-induced callose synthesis on estimates of plasmodesma size exclusion limits.</a> Protoplasma. 216 (1-2), 47-55 (2001).</li>
<li>Kollist, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rapid+Responses+to+Abiotic+Stress%3A+Priming+the+Landscape+for+the+Signal+Transduction+Network%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rapid Responses to Abiotic Stress: Priming the Landscape for the Signal Transduction Network.</a> Trends in Plant Science. 24 (1), 25-37 (2019).</li>
<li>Haupt, S., Duncan, G. H., Holzberg, S., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evidence+for+Symplastic+Phloem+Unloading+in+Sink+Leaves+of+Barley%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evidence for Symplastic Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Barley.</a> Plant Physiology. 125 (1), 209-218 (2001).</li>
<li>Botha, C. E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+xylem+sap+retrieval+pathway+in+rice+leaf+blades%3A+evidence+of+a+role+for+endocytosis%3F%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Experimental+Botany%22%5BJournal%5D)">A xylem sap retrieval pathway in rice leaf blades: evidence of a role for endocytosis?</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (11), 2945-2954 (2008).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Emerging studies have shown that plants can rapidly respond to external stimuli23, including manipulation introduced to the experimental procedures22. In our initial experiment, our oversight of this knowledge often leads to staining failure. With these lessons, we suggest that the following precautions should be kept in mind when performing this experiment: (1) the seeds after harvest should be kept in a storage cabinet set to a low temperature and low moisture; (2) manipu...

Many fluorescent tracers with a range of spectral properties, such as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF)1, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid2, Lucifer yellow CH (LYCH)3, Esculin and CTER4, have been developed and applied in plants to monitor symplastic movement and phloem activity. Generally, a symplastic dye is loaded into a cut in the target tissue and the sequential dispersion of the reporter into other parts of plant will demonstrate the intercellular communication. Although the mechanism of dye absorption is not fully understood, the principle underlying CF movement inside live cells has been widely acknowledged. The ester form of CF (CF diacetate, CFDA) is non-fluorescent, but membrane-permeable. This property allows rapid membrane diffusion of the dye into cells. Once inside live cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetate groups at the 3&#39; and 6&#39; position of CFDA, releasing the fluorescent and membrane-impermeable CF (Figure 1, alternatively refer Wright et al.2); CF can then move through the plasmodesmata to other parts of plants.
A well-established procedure with CFDA is that it can be loaded into source leaves and used to monitor the phloem streaming and phloem unloading in the sink tissues of many species, e.g., as CF unloading in the Arabidopsis root5, phloem unloading during potato tuberization6, phloem unloading in the Nicotiana sink leaves7, and so on. By similar loading approaches, other studies have adopted this dye to demonstrate the symplastic connection between host and parasite8,9, or to reveal the symbiotic relationships10,11.
Another way to make use of this dye is to load it into specific cells or single cell by microinjection to determine its distribution pattern. Such sophisticated techniques have greatly facilitated our deeper understanding of plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication, particularly in the development of the concept of symplastic domain12,13. For example, the microinjection of CFDA into cotyledon cells of Arabidopsis resulted in the dye-coupling pattern in the hypocotyl epidermis but non-coupling in the underlying cells or in the root epidermis, therefore the hypocotyl epidermis forms a symplastic domain14. Similar domains, such as the stomatal guard cells15, sieve element-companion cells16, root hair cells14 and root cap17,18 have been identified by microinjection technique. Most surprisingly, some domains allow tracer molecules to move in a certain direction. Take the trichome domain for example, microinjection of a fluorescent probe into the supporting epidermal cell leads to the flow of tracer into the trichome domain, however, the reverse injection does not hold true19. A recent report has also found similar situations in the symplastic domains of the Sedum embryo20. Thus, all above cases imply that swapping of loading sites may lead to novel insights into symplastic communication. Our previous experiment aiming to dissect the route of root-to-shoot mobile silencing identified a novel symplastic domain, or the HEJ (Hypocotyl-epicotyl junction) zone, which was further verified through the root-loading (non-canonical sink-loading) CFDA experiment21. Here, we further elaborate the root-to-shoot CF movement by using a simple method and recover a potential symplastic domain by shifting the loading sites. Furthermore, this procedure may be adapted to differentiate genetic backgrounds that have altered root-to-shoot long-distance transport.

<table><tbody><tr><td>KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10017218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10017608</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10013018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>20011160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10013418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;MoO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10019818</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric Acid</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10004818</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10024018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10008218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CoCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10007216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KI</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10017160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FeSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10012118</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10009717</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10019718</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10017018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td><td>10021418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myo-inositol&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MACKLIN</td><td>I811835</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nicotinic Acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MACKLIN</td><td>N814565</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyridoxine HCl</td><td>MACKLIN</td><td>V820447</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiamine HCl</td><td>MACKLIN</td><td>T818865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>MACKLIN</td><td>G800880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar powder</td><td>Novon</td><td>ZZ14022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axio Zoom V16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>SDPTOP</td><td>SRE-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200&amp;mu;l pipette</td><td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments</td><td>713111110000-20-200ul</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5&amp;mu;l pipette</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3120000011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TWEEZERS</td><td>ST-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>PARAFILM</td><td>PM-996</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel double-sided blade</td><td>Gillette</td><td>Platinum-Plus Double-Edge Blade</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

shootward movement of cfda tracer loaded in the bottom sink tissues of arabidopsis

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, phloem transport and vascular patterning. This protocol shows bottom-to-top carboxyfluorescein (CF) movement in the Arabidopsis by using the root-cutting and the hypocotyl-pinching procedure respectively. These two different procedures result in different efficiencies of CF movement: about 91% appearance of CF in the shoots with the hypocotyl-pinching procedure, whereas only about 70% appearance of CF with the root-cutting procedure. The simple change of loading sites, resulting in significant changes in the mobile efficiency of this symplastic dye, suggests CF movement might be subject to the symplastic regulation, most probably by the root-hypocotyl junction.

Symplastic movement is often subject to environmental fluctuations. Perturbation of the plant growing state, and even the process of tissue preparation will affect the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata, thus affecting the symplastic transport22. To improve the staining efficiency, we confine our operation in the growth room, where the temperature and moisture is tightly controlled, and also perform the whole procedure as quickly as possible (ideally within 10-1...

The goal of this protocol is to show how to load the CFDA into different sites of the bottom parts of Arabidopsis. We then present the resulting distribution pattern of CF in the shoots.

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, ...

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The molecular basis of spatial-specific phytochrome responses is being investigated using transgenic plants that exhibit tissue- and organ-specific phytochrome deficiencies. The isolation of specific cells exhibiting induced phytochrome chromophore depletion by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting followed by microarray analyses is being utilized to identify genes involved in spatial-specific phytochrome responses.

Investigating Tissue- and Organ-specific Phytochrome Responses using FACS-assisted Cell-type Specific Expression Profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana

Macromolecular trafficking between plant cells can be assessed by transiently expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest and analyzing its intra- and intercellular distribution by confocal microscopy.

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

A method for producing Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts that are compatible with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), allowing for studies of specific cell populations. This method is compatible with any Arabidopsis line that expresses GFP in a subset of cells.

Cell Specific Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting

This article provides a protocol for cultivation of Arabidopsis seedlings in the RootChip, a microfluidic imaging platform that combines automated control of growth conditions with microscopic root monitoring and FRET-based measurement of intracellular metabolite levels.

Time-lapse Fluorescence Imaging of Arabidopsis Root Growth with Rapid Manipulation of The Root Environment Using The RootChip

Ca2+ signaling regulates diverse biological processes in plants. Here we present approaches for monitoring abiotic stress induced spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis cells and tissues using the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators Aequorin or Case12.

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants

We report a simple and versatile method for performing fluorescent live-imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves over an extended period of time. We use a transgenic Arabidopsis plant expressing a fluorescent reporter gene under the control of an immunity-related promoter as an example for gaining spatiotemporal understanding of plant immune responses.

A Versatile Method for Mounting Arabidopsis Leaves for Intravital Time-lapse Imaging

Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) offers the possibility to dissect developmental programs with minimal processing of organs and tissues. The protocol yields high-quality RNA from cells targeted with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ribosomal subunit. Downstream analysis tools, such as qRT-PCR or RNA-seq, reveal tissue and cell type-specific expression profiles.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Extracellular glutamate-triggered systemic calcium signaling is critical for the induction of plant defense responses to mechanical wounding and herbivore attack in plants. This article describes a method to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of both these factors using Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing calcium- and glutamate-sensitive fluorescent biosensors.

Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis

Several commonly used methods are introduced here to study the membrane trafficking events of a plasma membrane receptor kinase. This manuscript describes detailed protocols including the plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup.

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Learn CFDA loading techniques in Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls to visualize shootward fluorescent probe movement. This method reveals how loading procedures affect intercellular transport efficiency and symplastic barriers in plant phloem.

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

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