Name: Immunohistochemistry Test for the Lyssavirus Antigen Detection from Formalin-Fixed Tissues (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2021-10-26T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 42 s
Description: Learn immunohistochemistry for rabies virus antigen detection in formalin-fixed brain and non-brain tissues. This sensitive method enables precise antigen localization relative to tissue morphology for diagnostic pathology.

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5 minutes

We thank the laboratorians, epidemiologists, and affiliates with public health departments for sample submissions to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names and commercial sources are for identification only and do not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

While the IHC protocol was performed on formalin-fixed tissues, which inactivates RABV if present, appropriate biosafety protocols should be properly followed. All biosafety procedures are described in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition (https://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm), including wearing proper personal protective equipment (PPE), and vaccination requirement as described12. In addition, proper containment and handling of hazardous chemicals (like formalin, AEC and xylene), should be followed (e.g., fume hoods).
1. Formalin fixation of tissues
<ol>
	<li>Place 3-5 mm brain tissues collected after necropsy13 into 10% phosphate buffered formalin solution (1:20 to 1:50 tissue/formalin ratio) for 24-72 h. 
	CAUTION: Formalin is a toxic fixative.</li>
	<li>Record the approximate tissue weight (size), tissue type (brain areas) and volume of formalin. It is important for laboratories to document and maintain records on fixation times.</li>
	<li>For longer tissue storage after formalin fixation and prior to processing, place the tissue in 70% ethanol.</li>
</ol>
2. Tissue processing
<ol>
	<li>Following the specimen fixation, dissect the tissue to include the important brain areas e.g., cross sections of the brainstem, cerebellum (3 lobes), or the hippocampus (both hippocampi) each cut 3 to 5 mm thick and placed into processing cassettes.</li>
	<li>Process the tissue cassettes for paraffin wax infiltration, embedded into paraffin blocks and sectioned (3 to 6 &#181;m) on a microtome.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of Materials / Staining dishes
<ol>
	<li>Set up the staining dish14 (Table of Materials) as shown in Figure 1. Fill each dish with 250 mL of the solution.</li>
	<li>Preparation of the 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbizole (AEC) substrate stock solution
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve one 20 mg tablet of 3-amino 9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) into 5 mL of N,N, dimethylformamide using a glass pipette. 
		CAUTION: AEC is a carcinogen.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of the protease (e.g., Pronase) stock solution for the antigen retrieval
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 7 mg of the protease in 200 mL of PBS.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of the rinse buffer PBS-T
	<ol>
		<li>Add 10 mL of Tween 80 to 990 mL of PBS. Mix it well to form a homogenous solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Deparaffinization and tissue rehydration
<ol>
	<li>Make 5 &#181;m paraffin section using a microtome, float it on a water bath at 38 &#730;C and collect on to glass slides. Label the slides with a reagent resistant pen/marker.</li>
	<li>Place the slides onto a tray and melt in a 55-60 &#730;C oven for 1 h. Do not raise the temperature above 60 &#730;C as it can destroy the viral antigen.</li>
	<li>Remove slides from the oven and immediately deparaffinize in 3 consecutive xylene rinses of 5 min each in the dishes 1, 2 and 3.</li>
	<li>Rehydrate the sections on the slide by sequential immersions in decreasing dilution of ethanol to deionized water: (4 through 11 is a dip rinse) dish 4: xylene/100% ethanol (1:1); dish 5: 100% ethanol; dish 6: 100% ethanol; dish 7: 95% ethanol; dish 8: 95% ethanol; dish 9: 80% ethanol; dish 10: 70% ethanol; dish 11: deionized water (Figure 1. Dish set-up). 
	CAUTION: Xylene is a hazardous chemical and work should be conducted in a fume hood.</li>
</ol>
5. Proteolytic antigen retrieval
<ol>
	<li>Treat slides with the protease (2.5 &#181;g/mL of PBS) for 30 min for proteolytic antigen retrieval in dish 12.</li>
	<li>Then rinse in PBS-T for 10 min (dish 13).</li>
	<li>Treat with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min (dish 14).</li>
	<li>Again, wash with PBS-T for 10 min (dish 15).</li>
</ol>
6. Staining procedure
<ol>
	<li>Handle slides one at a time keeping the remaining slides submerged in the buffer (do not remove the whole slide holder - keep slides wet). Remove one slide and blot off excess buffer (using a paper towel) from around the tissue section being careful not to disturb the tissue section. Incubate slides in a humidity chamber, made by placing moistened paper towels, on the lab bench top14 at room temperature with normal goat serum (blocking) for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Incubate with the optimal pre-determined dilution primary anti-rabies antibody (1:250 dilution of mouse anti-rabies serum, unpublished) (positive control) and negative control antibodies at room temperature same as above (step 6.1.) for 60 min with no washes in between.</li>
	<li>After 60 min, wash with PBS-T for 10 min (dish 16).</li>
	<li>Incubate with the biotinylated antibody (species specific) in a humidity chamber at room temperature for 15 min (handling same as step 6.1.).</li>
	<li>Wash with PBS-T for 10 min (dish 16).</li>
	<li>Incubate with Streptavidin-HRP complex in a humidity chamber at room temperature for 15 min (handling same as 6.1.).</li>
	<li>Wash with PBS-T for 10 min (dish 16).</li>
	<li>Incubate with peroxidase substrate, amino-ethylcarbazole (AEC), in a humidity chamber at room temperature for 10 min. Make AEC just prior to use. To do so, add 1 mL of AEC stock solution to 14 mL of 0.1M acetate buffer, pH 5.2. Add 0.15 mL of 3% H2O2. Filter the mixture just before use (0.45 &#181;m filter). 
	NOTE: The working solution of AEC is only stable for 2-3 h. The AEC stock solution can be stored in the refrigerator for longer periods.</li>
	<li>Wash in deionized water 10 min (dish 17)</li>
	<li>Counterstained with Gill&#39;s Hematoxylin diluted 1:2 with deionized water for 2 min (dish 18).</li>
	<li>Rinse off excess Hematoxylin with deionized water dip rinse (dish 19 and 20).</li>
	<li>Rinse in Scott&#39;s Tap water 30 s (bluing solution) dish 21.</li>
	<li>Wash in deionized water 10 min (dish 22)</li>
	<li>Remove slides one at a time - mount with water-soluble mounting medium.</li>
	<li>Read slides on a light microscope.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Rupprecht, C., Kuzmin, I., Meslin, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lyssaviruses+and+rabies%3A+current+conundrums%2C+concerns%2C+contradictions+and+controversies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22F1000Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lyssaviruses and rabies: current conundrums, concerns, contradictions and controversies.</a> F1000Research. 6, 184(2017).</li>
<li>Fooks, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Current+status+of+rabies+and+prospects+for+elimination%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lancet%22%5BJournal%5D)">Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.</a> Lancet. 384 (9951), 1389-1399 (2014).</li>
<li>Finke, S., Brzozka, K., Conzelmann, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tracking+fluorescence-labeled+rabies+virus%3A+enhanced+green+fluorescent+protein-tagged+phosphoprotein+P+supports+virus+gene+expression+and+formation+of+infectious+particles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Virology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tracking fluorescence-labeled rabies virus: enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged phosphoprotein P supports virus gene expression and formation of infectious particles.</a> Journal of Virology. 78 (22), 12333-12343 (2004).</li>
<li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((WHO+Expert+Consulation+on+Rabies%2C+Third+Report%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22WHO+Technical+Report+Series%22%5BJournal%5D)">WHO Expert Consulation on Rabies, Third Report.</a> WHO Technical Report Series. 1012, 1(2018).</li>
<li>Goldwasser, R. A., Kissling, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Fluorescent+antibody+staining+of+street+and+fixed+rabies+virus+antigens%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+Society+for+Experimental+Biology+and+Medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Fluorescent antibody staining of street and fixed rabies virus antigens.</a> Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 98 (2), 219-223 (1958).</li>
<li>Lembo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+a+direct%2C+rapid+immunohistochemical+test+for+rabies+diagnosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerging+Infectious+Diseases%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2), 310-313 (2006).</li>
<li>Fekadu, M., Greer, P. W., Chandler, F. W., Sanderlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Use+of+the+avidin-biotin+peroxidase+system+to+detect+rabies+antigen+in+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+tissues%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Virological+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Use of the avidin-biotin peroxidase system to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 19 (2), 91-96 (1988).</li>
<li>Hamir, A. N., Moser, G., Rupprecht, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+five+year+%281985-1989%29+retrospective+study+of+equine+neurological+diseases+with+special+reference+to+rabies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Comparative+Pathology%22%5BJournal%5D)">A five year (1985-1989) retrospective study of equine neurological diseases with special reference to rabies.</a> Journal of Comparative Pathology. 106 (4), 411-421 (1992).</li>
<li>Inoue, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cross-reactive+antigenicity+of+nucleoproteins+of+lyssaviruses+recognized+by+a+monospecific+antirabies+virus+nucleoprotein+antiserum+on+paraffin+sections+of+formalin-fixed+tissues%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pathology+International%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues.</a> Pathology International. 53 (8), 525-533 (2003).</li>
<li>Webster, J. D., Miller, M. A., Dusold, D., Ramos-Vara, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+prolonged+formalin+fixation+on+diagnostic+immunohistochemistry+in+domestic+animals%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Histochemistry+and+Cytochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of prolonged formalin fixation on diagnostic immunohistochemistry in domestic animals.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 57 (8), 753-761 (2009).</li>
<li>Feiden, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Immunohistochemical+staining+of+rabies+virus+antigen+with+monoclonal+and+polyclonal+antibodies+in+paraffin+tissue+sections%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Zentralblatt+fur+Veterinarmedizin+Reihe+B%22%5BJournal%5D)">Immunohistochemical staining of rabies virus antigen with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in paraffin tissue sections.</a> Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B. 35 (4), 247-255 (1988).</li>
<li>Manning, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Human+rabies+prevention--United+States%2C+2008%3A+recommendations+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Immunization+Practices%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Reports+Recommendations+and+Reports%22%5BJournal%5D)">Human rabies prevention--United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.</a> Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Recommendations and Reports. 57, 1-28 (2008).</li>
<li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Laboratory+techniques+in+rabies%22">Laboratory techniques in rabies</a>. 1, 5th ed, 67-72 (2018).</li>
<li>Patrick, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enhanced+Rabies+Surveillance+Using+a+Direct+Rapid+Immunohistochemical+Test%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (146), (2019).</li>
<li>Whitfield, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+comparative+study+of+the+fluorescent+antibody+test+for+rabies+diagnosis+in+fresh+and+formalin-fixed+brain+tissue+specimens%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Virology+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">A comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens.</a> Journal of Virology Methods. 95 (1-2), 145-151 (2001).</li>
<li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Diagnostic+procedures+for+antigen+detection%22">Diagnostic procedures for antigen detection</a>. , https://www.who.int/rabies/about/antigendetection/en (2016).</li>
<li>Jarvis, J. A., Franke, M. A., Davis, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rabies+direct+fluorescent+antibody+test+does+not+inactivate+rabies+or+eastern+equine+encephalitis+viruses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Virology+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rabies direct fluorescent antibody test does not inactivate rabies or eastern equine encephalitis viruses.</a> Journal of Virology Methods. 234, 52-53 (2016).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Due to the high fatality rate of rabies after the symptom onset, the diagnosis of suspect animals for RABV infection is extremely critical for an appropriate post-exposure prophylactic treatment. Rabies diagnosis primarily depends on DFA, DRIT, and PCR-based techniques using fresh or frozen tissues. For testing of formalin-fixed tissues, the IHC test provides an alternative method for the sensitive and specific detection of RABV antigen. While the tissues fixed in formalin have proteins stabilized due to the modification...

Rabies is an acute progressive encephalitis caused by the negative sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus1. Nearly 99% of all human deaths caused by the infection with rabies virus (RABV), the type member of the genus, is transmitted by dogs2. Rabies diagnosis of suspect animals relies on the detection of antigen (primarily viral encoded nucleoprotein, N protein) in complex with genomic RNA (ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP) in the brain tissue3. The antigen detection by the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test is considered the gold standard for rabies diagnosis4. The method utilizes fresh or fresh frozen brain material, a touch impression on a slide, fixation in acetone, staining using commercially available fluorescent isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies (mAbs/pAbs) and read by the fluorescence microscopy5. The DFA test is rapid, sensitive, and specific for rabies antigen detection in fresh brain tissue. Recently, a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT), modified immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique, was demonstrated to exhibit similar sensitivity to DFA but offers the advantage of light microscopy for visualization6. While the detection method used in DRIT, is similar to IHC, the initial step utilizes fresh or frozen tissues to generate touch impressions of the sample followed by fixation in formalin.
IHC is a widely used technique to determine histological changes and detection of proteins using specific antibodies in formalin-fixed tissues embedded in paraffin blocks. IHC is an established alternative test for the rabies antigen detection in the tissue sections7. IHC has been particularly utilized for the diagnosis of retrospective cases that exhibited neurological diseases to determine the burden of rabies8. Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissues preserve the proteins for the detection even after several years when stored at ambient temperature9. Formalin treatment modifies proteins by cross-linking and altering the amino acid side chains, which might make the epitopes no longer reactive against antibodies10. While the IHC test for rabies antigen detection involves either mAbs or pAbs, the latter is advantageous as multiple epitopes and divergent lyssaviruses can be detected11.
The standard steps involved in IHC are formalin fixation of tissues, embedding in paraffin blocks, sectioning of tissues, deparaffinization and hydration, epitope recovery, reactivity against primary and secondary antibodies, and the development using chromogenic substrates. This manuscript describes a detailed account of the protocol for rabies diagnosis. For rabies antigen detection, mouse serum immunized with RABV (pAbs) generated at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, in combination with biotinylated anti-mouse secondary antibodies are utilized. Biotinylated Abs are detected by the addition of streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) complex followed by the color development with amino-ethylcarbazole substrate.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3% hydrogen peroxide</td><td>Pharamacy brands</td><td></td><td>Off the shelf 3% H2O2</td></tr><tr><td>3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC)</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>A6926</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetate Buffer pH 5.2</td><td>Poly Scientific R&amp;amp;D Corp.</td><td>s140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buffered Formalin 10% Phosphate Buffered</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SF100-4</td><td>Certified</td></tr><tr><td>Cover slips Corning</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-553-471</td><td>24 X 50 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 190 Proof</td><td>Pharmco-AAPER</td><td>111000190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 200 Proof</td><td>Pharmco-AAPER</td><td>111000200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gill&#039;s hematoxylin formulation #2</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>CS401-1D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HistoMark Biotin-Streptavidin Peroxidase Kit</td><td>seracare</td><td>71-00-18</td><td>Mouse Primary Antibody&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>ImmunoHistoMount</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>i1161</td><td>Mounting media</td></tr><tr><td>N,N, Dimethyl formamide GR</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HyClone</td><td>RR14440.01</td><td>01M, pH 7.2 (pH 7.2-7.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Plan-APOCHROMAT 40X/0.95 Objective</td><td>Multiple vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plan-APOCHROMATIC 20X/0.75 Objective</td><td>Multiple vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pronase</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>53702</td><td>Protease, &lt;em&gt;Streptomyces griseus&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Scott&#039;s Tap Water&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Poly Scientific R&amp;amp;D Corp.</td><td>s1887</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek Slide stain set</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>50-294-72</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TWEEN-80&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>P1754</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>X3S-4</td><td>Histological Grade</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Axioplan 2 imaging - microscope</td><td>Multiple vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

immunohistochemistry test for the lyssavirus antigen detection from formalin-fixed tissues

Immunohistochemistry Test for the Lyssavirus Antigen Detection from Formalin-Fixed Tissues

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. While the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test or the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) are most commonly utilized for the antigen detection, both tests require fresh and/or frozen tissues for impressions on slides prior to the antigen detection using antibodies. If samples are collected and fixed in formalin, neither test is optimal for the antigen detection, however, testing can be performed by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) after embedding in paraffin blocks and sectioning. With this IHC method, tissues are stained with anti-rabies antibodies, sections are deparaffinized, antigen retrieved by partial proteolysis or other methods, and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies. Antigens are stained using horseradish peroxidase / amino ethyl carbazole and counterstained with hematoxylin for the visualization using a light microscope. In addition to the specific antigen detection, formalin fixation offers other advantages like the determination of histological changes, relaxed conditions for specimen storage and transport (under ambient temperatures), ability to test retrospective cases and improved biological safety through the inactivation of infectious agents.

Figure 2 demonstrates representative IHC staining results of positive and negative control samples in different brain tissues tested. Figure 2A,D,G represent positive samples at 200x, while Figure 2B,E,H correspond to 400x magnification, respectively. Figure 2A-C correspond to the brainstem; Figure 2...

Here, we present an immunohistochemistry test protocol for the detection of rabies virus antigen as an alternative diagnostic test for formalin-fixed tissues.

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. ...

immunohistochemistry-test-for-lyssavirus-antigen-detection-from

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Immunohistochemistry Test for the Lyssavirus Antigen Detection from Formalin-Fixed Tissues

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