Name: A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2019-12-05T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 34 s
Description: Learn to design a dual-functional electroactive filter using carbon nanotubes and titanate nanowires for simultaneous Sb(III) oxidation and sequestration from water. This method simplifies antimony removal.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China (No. 18ZR1401000), the Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. 18PJ1400400), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFF0215703).

CAUTION: Please carefully read relevant safety data sheets (SDS) of all chemicals and wear proper personal protection equipment (PPE) before use. Some of the chemicals are toxic and irritant. Be careful when handling carbon nanotubes, which may have additional hazards if inhaled or contacted by skin.
1. Preparation of the electroactive titanate-CNT filter
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of titanate nanowires16
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 56 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 100 mL of deionized water under vigorous stirring.</li>
		<li>Add 3 g of titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder into the as-dissolved KOH solution.</li>
		<li>Transfer the above solution into a Teflon-lined reactor and keep it at 200 &#176;C for 24 h.</li>
		<li>Wash the obtained white precipitate with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) and deionized water until a neutral effluent pH is obtained. Dry the product under vacuum at 60 &#176;C overnight.</li>
		<li>Transfer the products to a tube furnace and heat it to 600 &#176;C for 2 h with a ramp rate of 1 &#176;C/min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of titanate-CNT filter17
	<ol>
		<li>Add 20 mg of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into 40 mL of n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Probe-sonication for 40 min to obtain homogeneous solution.</li>
		<li>Separately, add 20 mg of the as made titanate nanowires into 20 mL of NMP. Perform probe-sonication for 20 min.</li>
		<li>Mix the titanate dispersion solution with the CNT dispersion solution. Filter the mixture solution onto a PTFE membrane, which serves as a support for the titanate-CNT filter.</li>
		<li>Rinse sequentially with 100 mL of ethanol and 200 mL of deionized water. 
		NOTE: A CNT-alone filter can be prepared by a similar route without the addition of titanate nanowires.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Electrochemical filtration of Sb(III)
<ol>
	<li>Description on the experimental apparatus18
	<ol>
		<li>Conduct the sorption experiments in an electrochemistry modified polycarbonate filtration casing (see Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Use a DC power supply to drive the electrochemistry.</li>
		<li>Adopt perforated titanium ring as connector for anodic or cathodic filters.</li>
		<li>Use an insulating silicone rubber as a separator and seal.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Filtration experiments
	<ol>
		<li>Add 2.2 mg of C8H4K2O12Sb2.3H2O into 1000 mL of deionized water to prepare 800 &#956;g/L Sb(III) solution.</li>
		<li>Transfer 100 mL of Sb(III) solution to a 150 mL beaker. Adjust solution pH to 7.</li>
		<li>Place the as-prepared titanate-CNT filter anode into the polycarbonate filtration casing and place another CNT-alone filter as cathode. Seal the casing.</li>
		<li>Pass through the filtration system with Sb(III) solution at a given flow. Apply a DC voltage during filtration.</li>
		<li>Determine the Sbtotal and Sb(III) concentration with atomic fluorescence spectrometer technique17. 
		NOTE: In this process, flow rate and applied voltage can be tuned by a peristaltic pump and a DC power supply, respectively.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Sun, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Profiling+microbial+community+in+a+watershed+heavily+contaminated+by+an+active+antimony+%28Sb%29+mine+in+Southwest+China%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science+of+the+Total+Environment%22%5BJournal%5D)">Profiling microbial community in a watershed heavily contaminated by an active antimony (Sb) mine in Southwest China.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 550, 297-308 (2016).</li>
<li>Herath, I., Vithanage, M., Bundschuh, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Antimony+as+a+global+dilemma%3A+geochemistry%2C+mobility%2C+fate+and+transport%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Pollution%22%5BJournal%5D)">Antimony as a global dilemma: geochemistry, mobility, fate and transport.</a> Environmental Pollution. 223, 545-559 (2017).</li>
<li>Pan, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Assessments+of+levels%2C+potential+ecological+risk%2C+and+human+health+risk+of+heavy+metals+in+the+soils+from+a+typical+county+in+Shanxi+Province%2C+China%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Assessments of levels, potential ecological risk, and human health risk of heavy metals in the soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province, China.</a> Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23, 19330-19340 (2016).</li>
<li>Huang, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sulfide-modified+zerovalent+iron+for+enhanced+antimonite+sequestration%3A+characterization%2C+performance%2C+and+reaction+mechanisms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Engineering+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sulfide-modified zerovalent iron for enhanced antimonite sequestration: characterization, performance, and reaction mechanisms.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 338, 539-547 (2018).</li>
<li>Ungureanu, G., Santos, S., Boaventura, R., Botelho, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Arsenic+and+antimony+in+water+and+wastewater%3A+Overview+of+removal+techniques+with+special+reference+to+latest+advances+in+adsorption%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Environmental+Management%22%5BJournal%5D)">Arsenic and antimony in water and wastewater: Overview of removal techniques with special reference to latest advances in adsorption.</a> Journal of Environmental Management. 151, 326-342 (2015).</li>
<li>Zou, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Three-dimensional+reduced+graphene+oxide+coupled+with+Mn3O4+for+highly+efficient+removal+of+Sb%28III%29+and+Sb%28V%29+from+water%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Acs+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces%22%5BJournal%5D)">Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide coupled with Mn3O4 for highly efficient removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) from water.</a> Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces. 8, 18140-18149 (2016).</li>
<li>Saleh, T. A., Sari, A., Tuzen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effective+adsorption+of+antimony%28III%29+from+aqueous+solutions+by+polyamide-graphene+composite+as+a+novel+adsorbent%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Engineering+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effective adsorption of antimony(III) from aqueous solutions by polyamide-graphene composite as a novel adsorbent.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 307, 230-238 (2017).</li>
<li>Yan, Y. Z., An, Q. D., Xiao, Z. Y., Zheng, W., Zhai, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Flexible+core-shell%2Fbead-like+alginate%40PEI+with+exceptional+adsorption+capacity%2C+recycling+performance+toward+batch+and+column+sorption+of+Cr%28VI%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Engineering+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Flexible core-shell/bead-like alginate@PEI with exceptional adsorption capacity, recycling performance toward batch and column sorption of Cr(VI).</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 313, 475-486 (2017).</li>
<li>Fu, L., Shozugawa, K., Matsuo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oxidation+of+antimony+%28III%29+in+soil+by+manganese+%28IV%29+oxide+using+X-ray+absorption+fine+structure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Environmental+Sciences%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oxidation of antimony (III) in soil by manganese (IV) oxide using X-ray absorption fine structure.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 73, 31-37 (2018).</li>
<li>Liu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Adsorption+of+Pb2%2B%2C+Cd2%2B%2C+Cu2%2B+and+Cr3%2B+onto+titanate+nanotubes%3A+competition+and+effect+of+inorganic+ions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science+of+the+Total+Environment%22%5BJournal%5D)">Adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ onto titanate nanotubes: competition and effect of inorganic ions.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 456, 171-180 (2013).</li>
<li>Wu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dynamic+study+of+Cr%28VI%29+removal+performance+and+mechanism+from+water+using+multilayer+material+coated+nanoscale+zerovalent+iron%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Pollution%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dynamic study of Cr(VI) removal performance and mechanism from water using multilayer material coated nanoscale zerovalent iron.</a> Environmental Pollution. 240, 717-724 (2018).</li>
<li>Shan, C., Ma, Z. Y., Tong, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficient+removal+of+trace+antimony%28III%29+through+adsorption+by+hematite+modified+magnetic+nanoparticles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficient removal of trace antimony(III) through adsorption by hematite modified magnetic nanoparticles.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materials. 268, 229-236 (2014).</li>
<li>Luo, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Removal+of+antimonite+%28Sb%28III%29%29+and+antimonate+%28Sb%28V%29%29+from+aqueous+solution+using+carbon+nanofibers+that+are+decorated+with+zirconium+oxide+%28ZrO2%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Science+%26+Technology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Removal of antimonite (Sb(III)) and antimonate (Sb(V)) from aqueous solution using carbon nanofibers that are decorated with zirconium oxide (ZrO2).</a> Environmental Science & Technology. 49, 11115-11124 (2015).</li>
<li>Liu, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Golden+carbon+nanotube+membrane+for+continuous+flow+catalysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Golden carbon nanotube membrane for continuous flow catalysis.</a> Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 56, 2999-3007 (2017).</li>
<li>Ma, B. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enhanced+antimony%28V%29+removal+using+synergistic+effects+of+Fe+hydrolytic+flocs+and+ultrafiltration+membrane+with+sludge+discharge+evaluation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enhanced antimony(V) removal using synergistic effects of Fe hydrolytic flocs and ultrafiltration membrane with sludge discharge evaluation.</a> Water Research. 121, 171-177 (2017).</li>
<li>Yuan, Z. Y., Zhang, X. B., Su, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Moderate+hydrothermal+synthesis+of+potassium+titanate+nanowires%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Applied+Physics+a-Materials+Science+%26+Processing%22%5BJournal%5D)">Moderate hydrothermal synthesis of potassium titanate nanowires.</a> Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing. 78, 1063-1066 (2004).</li>
<li>Liu, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electroactive+modified+carbon+nanotube+filter+for+simultaneous+detoxification+and+sequestration+of+Sb%28III%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Science+%26+Technology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electroactive modified carbon nanotube filter for simultaneous detoxification and sequestration of Sb(III).</a> Environmental Science & Technology. 53, 1527-1535 (2019).</li>
<li>Gao, G., Vecitis, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrochemical+carbon+nanotube+filter+oxidative+performance+as+a+function+of+surface+chemistry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Science+%26+Technology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrochemical carbon nanotube filter oxidative performance as a function of surface chemistry.</a> Environmental Science & Technology. 45, 9726-9734 (2011).</li>
<li>Liu, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simultaneous+oxidation+and+sorption+of+highly+toxic+Sb%28III%29+using+a+dual-functional+electroactive+filter%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Pollution%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simultaneous oxidation and sorption of highly toxic Sb(III) using a dual-functional electroactive filter.</a> Environmental Pollution. 251, 72-80 (2019).</li>
</ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

The key to this technology is to fabricate an electroactive conductive and porous hybrid filter with high Sb-specificity. To do this, special care should be paid to the fabrication process. The amount of titanate nanowires need to be precisely controlled due to the "trade-off" effect between the filter's electrical conductivity and surface area.
In addition, it should be also noted that a proper applied voltage is necessary. Once the applied voltage is too high (e.g., &#62;3 V), other competit...

Recently, the environmental pollution caused by emerging antimony (Sb) has attracted much attention1,2. Extensive studies demonstrate that Sb compounds pose high toxicity to human and microorganisms, although present in low concentrations in the environment3,4. Even worse, conventional physicochemical or biological methods are usually ineffective to remove these emerging contaminants due to their low concentrations and high toxicity5. The most abundant species of Sb are Sb(V) and Sb(III), of which the latter form is more toxic.
Among the currently available treatment methods, adsorption is believed to be a promising and feasible alternative due to its high efficiency, low cost, and simplicity6,7. Till now, several nanoscale sorbents with tunable microstructures, large specific surface area and Sb specificity have been developed, such as TiO28, MnO29, titanate10, zerovalent iron11, iron oxides and other binary metal oxides12,13. A common problem when dealing with nanoscale adsorbents is the post-separation issue due to their small particle size. One strategy to address this issue is to load these nano-sorbents onto macro/micro-scale supports14. Another challenging issue restricting the wide application of adsorption technology is the poor mass transport caused by limited concentration of target compounds/molecules15. This issue may be partially addressed by adopting a membrane design and convention could enhance the mass transport significantly. Recent efforts have been devoted to develop advanced treatment systems that combine adsorption and oxidation in a single unit for effective Sb(III) removal. Here, we show how an electroactive titanate-carbon nanotube (titanate-CNT) filter was rationally designed and applied for the simultaneously adsorption and sequestration of toxic Sb(III). By fine-tuning the titanate loading amount, applied voltage, and flow rate, we demonstrate how the Sb(III) oxidation rate and sequestration efficiency can be tailored correspondingly. Although the fabrication and application of the electroactive filter is shown in this protocol, similar designs can also apply to the treatment of other heavy metal ions.
Minor changes in the fabrication process and reagents may cause significant changes in the morphology and performance of the final system. For instance, the hydrothermal time, temperature, and chemical purity have been shown to affect the microstructures of these nanoscale adsorbents. The flow rate of the adsorbate solution also determines the residence time within a flow-through system as well as the removal efficiency of target compounds. With clear identification of these key impacting parameters, a reproducible synthesis protocol can be secured and a stable removal efficiency of Sb(III) can be achieved. This protocol aims to provide detailed experience on the fabrication of dual-functional hybrid filters as well as their applications towards the removal of toxic heavy metal ions in a flow-through manner.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Atomic fluorescence spectrometer</td><td>Ruili Co., Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon nanotubes (CNT)</td><td>TimesNano Co., Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DC power supply</td><td>Dahua Co., Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 96%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 36%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td></td><td>Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>L-antimony potassium tartrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td>Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><td>N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), 99.5%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td></td><td>Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide, 85%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td></td><td>Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pump</td><td>Ismatec Co., Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium dioxide powders</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a dual-functional electroactive filter towards simultaneously sb(iii) oxidation and sequestration

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

We have designed a facile method to synthesize a dual-functional electrochemical filter consisting of two 1-D materials: titanate nanowires and carbon nanotubes. The hybrid titanate-CNT filter was prepared by a sonication coupled with a post-filtration route. Due to the synergistic effects of the increased number of exposed sorption sites, electrochemical reactivity, small pore size of the titanate-CNT network coupled with a flow-through design, simultaneous Sb(III) oxidation and sequestration can be readily achieved. Atomic fluorescence spectrometer technology demonstrated that the applied electrical field accelerates the Sb(III) conversion rate and the as-obtained Sb(V) were adsorbed effectively by the titanate nanowires due to their Sb specificity. This protocol provides a practical solution for the removal of highly toxic Sb(III) and other similar heavy metal ions.

The electroactive filtration apparatus employed is an electrochemically modified polycarbonate filtration casing (Figure 1). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques are employed to characterize the morphology of the titanate-CNT filter (Figure 2). To demonstrate the efficacy of the electrochemical filtration system, the change of Sbtotal and Sb valence state as a function of time is det...

A protocol for the rational design of a dual-functional electroactive filter consisting of carbon nanotubes and titanate nanowires is reported and their environmental applications towards Sb(III) oxidation and sequestration is presented.

We have designed a facile method to synthesize a dual-functional electrochemical filter consisting of two 1-D materials: titanate nanowires and carbon ...

a-dual-functional-electroactive-filter-towards-simultaneously-sb-iii

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

All-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ASSISEs) constructed from a conductive polymer (CP) transducer provide several months of functional lifetime in liquid media. Here, we describe the fabrication and calibration process of ASSISEs in a lab-on-a-chip format. The ASSISE is demonstrated to have maintained a near-Nernstian slope profile after prolonged storage in complex biological media.

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Here we present an electrophysiological method based on solid supported membranes with focus on its applications for the characterization of electrogenic membrane transporters.

Introduction to Solid Supported Membrane Based Electrophysiology

The Organic Electrochemical Transistor is integrated with live cells and used to monitor ion flux across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. In this study, an increase in ion flux, related to disruption of tight junctions, induced by the presence of the calcium chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid), is measured.

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

We present the protocols for electrochemically evaluating a symmetric non-aqueous organic redox flow battery and for diagnosing its state of charge using FTIR.

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

A protocol for fabricating nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides via simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization followed by stair-like reverse biases detachments is presented. It can be applied repeatedly to the same aluminum substrate, exhibiting a facile, high-yield, and environmentally clean strategy.

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

The incorporation of reference electrodes in a Li-ion battery provides valuable information to elucidate degradation mechanisms at high voltages. In this article, we present a cell design that accommodates multiple reference electrodes, along with the assembly steps to assure maximum accuracy of the data obtained in electrochemical measurements.

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy

Here, we present a protocol to prepare charge transfer chromophores based on a polyoxometalate/polymer composite membrane.

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Cathode poisoning from airborne contaminants in trace levels remains a major concern for long-term stability of high-temperature electrochemical systems. We provide a novel method to mitigate the cathode degradations using getters, which capture airborne contaminants at high temperature before entering electrochemically active stack area.

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Chronoamperometric growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms in a fed-batch reactor using a three-electrode setup, controlled by a potentiostat, is demonstrated. The extracellular electron transfer is characterized using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of the electron donor and in the absence of the electron donor. Fundamental data analysis is demonstrated.

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

Learn to design a dual-functional electroactive filter using carbon nanotubes and titanate nanowires for simultaneous Sb(III) oxidation and sequestration from water. This method simplifies antimony removal.

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

Explore More Videos