Distinguishing Intrapulmonary Immune Cells from Intravascular Immune Cell Populations: the Intrajugular Approach

Summary

The aim of the current study is to describe a protocol for differentiating between intravascular and intraparenchymal immune cells in studies of lung inflammation. We use an intrajugular injection of a fluorescent tagged antibody prior to lung harvest. Further, we use an inflation-based lung digestion process to improve the yield of leukocytes from the lung.

Abstract

Circadian rhythms refer to oscillations in various biological process that occur with a 24 h period. At the molecular level, such rhythms are comprised of a web of transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFL) of core clock genes. Individual tissues and organ systems, including the immune system, have their own clock. In the systemic circulation, various members of the CD45⁺ population oscillate across the day; however, many of these rhythms are not identical or even similar in the tissue resident CD45⁺ leukocyte population. When studying the role of circadian regulation of lung inflammation, CD45⁺ within the lung may need to be investigated. However, despite optimized perfusion methods, leukocytes trapped from the circulation persist in the lungs. The goal in designing this protocol was to distinguish between intravascular and intraparenchymal leukocytes. Towards this end, mice are injected with a fluorescent tagged CD45 antibody intrajugularly shortly before lung harvest. Thereafter, the lung is digested using a customized lung digestion technique to obtain a single cell suspension. The sample is stained for the regular panel of antibodies for intraparenchymal immune cells (including another CD45 antibody). Flowcytometric analyses shows a clear elucidation of the populations. Thus, the method of labeling and defining intrapulmonary CD45⁺ cells will be particularly important where the behavior of intrapulmonary and circulating immune cells are numerically and functionally distinct.

Introduction

We describe here efficient and reliable methods of differentiating intravascular leukocytes from pulmonary leukocytes. Even with the best perfusion techniques, studies have revealed residual CD45⁺ from circulation persists in the lung. This impairs the ability to distinguish between the rhythms in the circulation and the lung. This effect is further amplified in cases of lung inflammation. This is particularly relevant for the study of circadian regulation of inflammation.

Circadian rhythms refer to the diurnal oscillations in various biological processes that occur with a period of 24 h. The circadian system is an evolutionarily conserved anticipatory mechanism that confers protection on the host as it faces changes in its environment such as threat of infections. At the cellular level, the clock is organized into self-sustained transcriptional-translational feedback loops comprising the core clock genes¹. The immune system has its own clock that impacts its response to pathogens and inflammatory insults^2,3. As an organ exposed to the environment constantly, circadian rhythms are particularly important in the lung⁴. Various immune processes in the lung are under clock control^5,6,7. However, the phase of various biological processes in the lung and the systemic circulation are not the same⁸, which by extension, also suggests that the oscillations of leukocytes in the lung and the circulation may not be identical. Thus, having a method to efficiently distinguish between pulmonary and intravascular leukocytes will be critical in the circadian context.

The aim of this study was to devise a method that can differentiate between intravascular and intraparenchymal leukocytes reliably. For this, we used a labeling of intravascular leukocytes and lung digestion method. For the labeling of intravascular leukocytes, we use intrajugular injection, which targets a large blood vessel and can be reproducibly used in mice of all strains and sizes. Many other methods have used tail vein injection^9,10, which are notoriously harder to perform in Bl6 mice¹¹. The intrajugular injection does necessitate use of anesthesia and is best done under direct visualization with dissecting microscope or magnifying loupes. Thus, the ease and reliability of the intrajugular injection should be weighed against the need for anesthesia and special equipment. However, given the ready availability of these equipment in most research labs, we do not view this to be a limiting factor. However, a case-by-case consideration seems prudent.

Protocol

All animal studies were approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and met the stipulations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

NOTE: The overall process may be divided into 1) intravenous CD45 labeling, 2) harvest, 3) digestion, and 4) staining and flow cytometry. These steps have been summarized in Figure 1.

1. Solutions/Reagent preparation

1. Prepare Dissociation Media by adding 5 mL of 2 mM L-glutamine, 20 mL of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1 mL of 2-mercaptoethanol, and 10 mL of Pen/Strep to 500 mL of DMEM.
   NOTE: Dissociation Media is stable for up to 2 months when stored at 2-4 °C.
2. Prepare Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Buffer by adding 10 mL of FBS and 500 mg of sodium azide to 500 mL of PBS without magnesium or calcium.
   NOTE: With the addition of sodium azide, FACS Buffer can be stored at 2-4 °C for months.
3. On the day of sample collection, add the DNase and Liberase solutions to Dissociation Media at a 1:100 dilution (i.e., add 10 µL of DNase and Liberase for every 1 mL of Dissociation Media).
   NOTE: For each mouse, digesting the whole lung requires 10 mL/mouse and half of the lung requires 5 mL/mouse.

2. Intravenous CD45 labeling

1. For this experiment, use adult C57Bl6 mice aged 8-12 weeks old.
2. Anesthetize the mice with agents of choice. A combination of xylazine and ketamine were used for this purpose, but other agents are acceptable as well. The aim is to get moderate to deep level of anesthesia that lasts about 5 -10 minutes.
   NOTE: The xylazine and ketamine anesthesia mixture is administered intraperitoneally. Use 10-15 mg/kg of xylazine and 120-150 mg/kg of ketamine.
3. Once the pedal reflex is negative, position the animal on its back and tape down its limbs gently to keep the head as central as possible.
4. Expose the jugular vein and pectoral muscle by lifting the skin with forceps and snipping with sharp surgical scissors.
5. Inject 200 µL of anti-CD45 antibody (flow cytometry grade antibody; diluted 1:300 in PBS) into the jugular vein using a 28 G needle. Wait 2-4 minutes so the antibody can circulate throughout the vasculature.
   NOTE: Entering through the pectoral muscle into the jugular vein from a shallow angle prevents considerable bleeding from occurring.
6. Thereafter euthanize the animal by exposure to CO₂ for 10 minutes. Proceed to lung perfusion and harvest lungs and other tissues.
   NOTE: Any other method of humane euthanasia that adheres to the AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals is also acceptable.

3. Dissection/Harvest (Figure 1)

1. Position the animal on its back on a flat board and pin the paws down, keeping the head central.
2. Spray the body with 70% ethanol. Open the thoracic cavity with forceps and scissors to expose the lung, heart, and trachea.
3. Perfuse the lung by making a small incision in the left ventricle of the heart and injecting 10 mL of cold PBS through the right ventricle.
4. Snip an opening in the trachea and insert an intravenous cannula. Once the cannula is in, pass a suture string about 6-8 cm long underneath the trachea and tie it twice to the cannula.
5. Tuck the surgical string into the cannula and attach a syringe containing Dissociation Media (5 mL for half a lung or a 10 mL for a whole lung) as depicted in Figure 1B.
6. Gently cut away the lung from the rest of the body and place the syringe with the lung attached into a 50 mL conical tube.

4. Digestion to single cell suspension

1. Incubate the lung at 37 °C for 30-40 minutes, instilling 1 mL (for half the lung) or 2 mL (for the whole lung) of Dissociation Media every 5 minutes.
2. Once all the media is instilled, remove the syringe and cannula, and place the 50 mL conical tube into a shaking water bath at 180 rpm for the remainder of the incubation for better yield.
   NOTE: Alternatively, the tubes may be manually shaken every 5 minutes.
3. Add 10 mL of PBS and shake vigorously for 1 minute to stop the reaction.
4. Pass the solution through a cell strainer (70 µm) into a new 50 mL conical tube. Use a 5 mL syringe rubber stopper to pass any clumps of tissue through the strainer. Add PBS so that the final volume is 30 mL.
5. Centrifuge the samples for 10 minutes at 1,200 x g and 4 °C. Discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet. Pipet out any remaining solution.
6. Add 1 mL of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lysis Buffer and mix with the cell pellet by pipetting.
7. Incubate at room temperature for 60-90 s. Add PBS so that the final volume is 30 mL to stop the reaction.
   NOTE: Incubation time depends on the amount of blood in the cell pellet; the redder the cell pellet, the longer the incubation time.
8. Centrifuge the samples for 10 minutes at 1,200 x g and 4 °C. Discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet. Pipet out any remaining solution.
9. Add 1 mL of FACs buffer to the cell pellet and mix by pipetting.

5. Staining cells for flow cytometry

1. Use a cell counter to determine the total number of cells in the cell suspension.
2. Transfer the cell suspension into each labeled FACS tube so that there are 3 x 10⁶ cells total per sample.
3. Add Fc Block (diluted 1:100) and incubate for 15 minutes on ice.
4. Centrifuge the tubes for 5 minutes at 1,200 x g and 4 °C. Discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet.
5. Stain the samples with a specified antibody mixture and incubate for 20 minutes on ice protected from light (i.e., by covering with aluminum foil). Mix by racking tubes against the tube holder halfway through incubation.
6. Add 1 mL of FACS buffer to wash and mix by pipetting.
7. Transfer the cell suspension into another FACS tube by pipetting the suspension slowly through a 35 µm strainer.
8. Centrifuge the tubes for 5 minutes at 1,200 x g and 4 °C. Discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet.
9. Add 150 µL of FACS buffer and mix by pipetting.
10. Add 10 µL of DAPI (1:100) to each tube immediately prior to running the samples.
    NOTE: The samples are now ready to be run on the flow cytometer.

Results

Using this technique, the total cell count of the naïve dissociated lungs (only the left lobes were used for the representative data) was between 27.3 x 10⁶ to 71.1 x 10⁶ cells/mL. After gating on size and gating out doublets and dead cells (gating scheme in Figure 2), the leukocyte counts ranged from 6.9 x 10⁶ to 13.5 x 10⁶ cells/mL. Circulating leukocytes that remain trapped even after perfusion to clear the lungs constituted approximately 4% to ...

Discussion

Careful studies of lung inflammation and pulmonary immune responses are crucial to the understanding of many disease conditions. Flow cytometry is routinely used to enumerate and ascribe functional relevance to pulmonary leukocytes. The function of leukocytes depends at least partly on where they are found. Although there is accumulating evidence to support that even after perfect perfusion protocols, many intravascular leukocytes persist in the lungs, most studies do not differentiate between intrapulmonary and intravas...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Boekel Scientific Medium Water Bath	Boekel Grant Scientific	290200
10 mL BD Syringes with BD Luer-Lok Tip	BD Biosciences	309604
5 mL BD Syringes with BD Luer-Lok Tip	BD Biosciences	309646
Anti-CD45- Pac Blue	Biolegend	103114
Anti-CD45- Pe/Cy7	Biolegend	103114
Cell strainer 70 µm Nylon	Fisher	352350
Corning Conical-Bottom Centrifuge Tube 50 mL	Avantor	21008-714
Corning Falcon Test Tube with Cell Strainer Snap Cap	EMSCO	10004637
Dissection Microscope	Olympus	SZX-SDO2
DMEM, high glucose	Life Technologies	11965084
Dnase	Roche	10104159001
DPBS without Ca++ & Mg++		14190136
Fc Block	Biolegend	101320
HyClone Fetal Bovine Serum	GE Healthcare	SH30071.03
L-Glutamine (200 mM)	Life Technologies	25030-081
Liberase Research Grade	Sigma	5401127001
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)	Life Technologies	15140-122
Precision Shaking Water Bath	Thermo Fisher	TSSWB15
Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer	Sigma	R7757
Suture Silk 4-0	Roboz	SUT-15-2