Name: Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2021-06-16T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 19 s
Description: Learn biomechanical analysis of cross-step and chasse step footwork in table tennis using ground reaction force measurements. This method compares lower limb dynamics to optimize training and improve stroke performance.

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5 minutes

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81772423). The authors would like to thank the table tennis players who participated in this study.

This study was approved by The Human Ethics Committee of Ningbo University, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects after they were told about the goal, details, requirements, and experimental procedures of the table tennis experimental.
1. Laboratory preparation for table tennis
<ol>
	<li>Insert the USB dongle into the PC&#39;s parallel port and open the motion-capture infrared cameras and analog-to-digital converter. 
	NOTE: In this laboratory, the force platform (sampling frequency of 1000 Hz) is used together with the motion acquisition system, and the data collected by the force platform was displayed and preliminarily analyzed through the same system. The default sampling frequency of the force platform is 1000 Hz.</li>
	<li>Double-click the software icon on the desktop to open the tracking software. 
	NOTE: Before opening the software, remove all obstacles in the experimental environment and clean the ground.</li>
	<li>Every camera node will show a green light if the hardware connection is true. When the indicator light of all cameras is green, select eight cameras in the Local System.</li>
	<li>Click on Camera in the Perspective window and adjust the Strobe Intensity as 0.95-1, Gain to times 1 (x1), Threshold as 0.2-0.4, Minimum Circularity Ratio as 0.5, Grayscale Mode to Auto, as well as Max Blob Height to 50.</li>
	<li>Place the T correction rack in the center of the shooting area, and select eight cameras in the system. Using a 2D model, confirm that the camera can discern T correction and that there are no noise points.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the T correction rack in the center of the camera area. Click on the System Preparation, the L - Frame drop-down list, and select 5 Marker Wand &#38; L - Frame. Then, click on the Start button under the AimMX cameras option.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Select the System preparation button, and click on the Start button in the Calibrate MX Camera section in the Tool pane. Then, wave the T-wand in the capture range. When the blue light on the infrared camera stops flashing, stop the action.
	<ol>
		<li>Observe the progress bar until the calibration process is complete at 100% and returns to 0%. At the same time, observe the error of the image. When the error of the image is less than 0.3, continue the following operation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the T-shaped correction frame in the center of the moving area to ensure that the axis direction is consistent with the boundary direction of the force platform.</li>
	<li>Select the Start button under the Set Volume Origin section in the Tool pane.</li>
</ol>
2. Participants&#39; preparation
NOTE: Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players volunteered to participate in the experiment (Ages: 20.75 &#177; 2.06year; Height: 173.25 &#177; 6.65 cm; Weight: 66.50 &#177; 14.27 kg; Training Year: 12.50 &#177; 2.08 year). All of them belong to the Ningbo University table tennis team. Before the formal start of the experiment, the details and process of the experiment were briefly explained to the participants again, and the written informed consent of the participant who met the conditions of the experiment were obtained.
<ol>
	<li>Select participants that are right-handed, have the right leg as dominant, and are in good physical health, free of any form of lower limb disease or injury in the last 6 months. A total of 16 male participants who met the experimental conditions were included in this experiment. The demographic information of participants is shown in Table 1. 
	NOTE: Because there are few left-handed racket users, it was easier to find enough right-handed racket users to participate in this experiment.</li>
	<li>Ask all participants to fill out a questionnaire related to fitness. 
	NOTE: Questions include: Have you had a history of table tennis competition? How often do you take part in table tennis training in a week? Have you suffered any lower-limb disorders and injuries in the last 6 months?</li>
	<li>Ensure that all participants wear professional table tennis match shoes as well as identical t-shirts and tight-fitting pants. Have all participants use the same professional table tennis racket.</li>
	<li>Give each participant 5 min to adapt to the experimental environment and 15 min to warm up with light running on the professional treadmill and stretching. Due to the short duration of the experiment, restrict subjects from eating and drinking during the formal experiment in order to keep them in a stable state. 
	NOTE: Participants first completed a 5 min jog at an adaptive speed on the lab&#39;s professional running table, followed by a 5 min stretch of their lower limb muscles. Finally, they practiced table tennis footwork technique for 5 min. After completing the warm-up task, the participants were given 2 min to adjust their state. The formal data collection began.</li>
</ol>
3. Static calibration
<ol>
	<li>Click on the Data Management button on the toolbar.</li>
	<li>Click on the New Database tab on the toolbar, click on the Location, and then import the description of the trial. Select Clinical Template and click on the Create button.</li>
	<li>Select the name of the database created in the Open Database window. Then, click on the green New Patient Category button, the yellow New Patient button, and the gray New Session button to create experimental information in the newly opened screen.</li>
	<li>Click on Subjects to create a New Subject data set in the Nexus main pane.</li>
	<li>Click on the Start button in the Subject Capture section to create a static model. Click on the Stop button when the image frames are at 140-200 to finish the establishment of the static model. 
	&#8203;NOTE: The participants were asked to stand on a force platform during the experiment. They were asked to maintain a stable posture with their hands folded and raised on their chest, looking ahead, and their feet shoulder-width apart.</li>
</ol>
4. Dynamic trials
<ol>
	<li>As shown in Figure 1, place the table tennis table and ball basket in the experimental environment to ensure that the subjects have enough space to execute two kinds of footwork. 
	NOTE: The table tennis table and balls are up to the standards of professional events.</li>
	<li>Ask the participant to hold the ready position, When the experimenter gives the start command, ask the coach to serve the table tennis balls to the first and final impact area, respectively.
	<ol>
		<li>Before the formal experiment begins, give the participants enough time to get accustomed to this position through practice.</li>
		<li>Ask the participants to start on the left side of the table, about half a meter away from the table. Then, ask them to hit the first and second served ball by forehand with maximum force and return to the ready position after finishing the second stroke task.</li>
		<li>Ask the participants to first use the chasse step footwork to complete 5 successful strokes, and then use the cross-step footwork to complete 5 successful strokes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>In the software, click on the Capture button in the pressure platform to start the recording and click on the Stop button to end the recording. Repeat five times for each participant. 
	&#8203;NOTE: If the shot is not within the range of the target area, or if the subject&#39;s right foot is not fully on the force platform, the measurement will be re-taken.</li>
</ol>
5. Post-processing
<ol>
	<li>Double-click on the trial name in the Data Management window. Click on the Reconstruct Pipeline and Labels buttons in the toolbar to display the experiment demonstration.</li>
	<li>In the Perspective window, move the blue triangle on the time bar to intercept the desired time interval.</li>
	<li>Select the Dynamic Plug-in Gait that is in the Subject Calibration pane. Click on the Start button to run and export the data.</li>
</ol>
6. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>Analyze all data using professional statistical software. Run the Shapiro-Wilks tests to check the normal distribution for all variables.</li>
	<li>Use a paired t-test to compare kinetics characteristics of chasse step footwork and cross-step footwork during table tennis stroke.</li>
	<li>Set the significance level at p &#60; 0.05. The results are presented as the mean &#177; the standard deviation throughout the text unless otherwise stated.</li>
</ol>

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse steps during stroke in table tennis. The key findings of this study are stated here. The anterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly larger than the chasse step footwork. The lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step footwork. The vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step ...

Table tennis has developed continuously in sports training and competition practice for more than 100 years1. With economic globalization and cultural exchanges, table tennis has developed rapidly in various countries2,3. In Croatia, for example, table tennis is not only played in clubs, but also in universities, schools, and even in dormitories4. For athletes, the establishment of sports analysis is helpful for training and competition5. In table tennis competitions, players need good strategies to try to win the match6. Additionally, footwork is a skill that must be mastered in table tennis, and it is also the basis and one of the key points of table tennis training. The chasse step and cross-step are the basic steps of table tennis7. Every sports skill has a basic mechanical structure. The study of biomechanics is of high interest to the progress and development of table tennis skills. In training and competition, table tennis players find the accurate position through their steps7. Therefore, it is necessary to study the step of table tennis.
There are differences in the step of table tennis players from different regions, with Asian players using steps more frequently than European players both during training and in competition8. During competition, a high-level table tennis player will hit the ball in a shorter time, at a more steady step, and have enough time to hit the next ball9. In table tennis, because of the cross-step hitting action, in most cases it is a technical action to save the ball, leading to the inability to complete the hitting action with high quality. On the contrary, different from cross-step hitting, chasse step hitting is a common technical action, so athletes can better grasp the hitting technical action through practice to ensure the quality of their stroke. A chasse step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) and then the left leg follows to move. A cross-step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) with a large distance, and the left leg does not move.
Through previous studies, lower limb muscles play an important role in table tennis performance10. Table tennis has similarities with tennis moves. There are differences in the driving stability of lower limbs of tennis players with different levels of serving skill11. Table tennis involves knee flexion and asymmetrical torsion of the trunk12. In order to improve the skills of table tennis players, attention should be paid to the rotation of the pelvis13. When playing forehand loop, excellent table tennis players have a better sole control ability14. High-level table tennis players can better control the plantar pressure deviation, increase the inner and outer pressure deviation, and reduce the front and back pressure deviation15. Compared with a straight shot, a diagonal shot has a greater knee extension during the swing16. Table tennis service technology is diverse and has complex biomechanical characteristics. Compared with standing serves, squatting serves require higher lower-limb drive17. Compared with beginners, elite athletes are more flexible in their stride in cross-step exercises7.
In light of the above, with the increasing progress of science and the continuous development of table tennis skills, more and more players and researchers have joined table tennis, which requires high-quality biomechanical research to support the sport. However, due to the complexity of table tennis, it is difficult for researchers to measure the biomechanics1. There are few studies on the biomechanics of the lower limbs of table tennis. The purpose of this study was to measure the ground reaction force of elite college table tennis players in the movement of the racket lead and swing in chasse step and cross-step. The ground reaction force data of the two steps are compared. The first hypothesis of this study is that the chasse step and cross-step have different ground reaction force characteristics. The ground reaction force of chasse step and cross-step is used to obtain the kinetic data of two kinds of steps, which provides guidance and suggestions for table tennis players.

<table><tbody><tr><td>14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>n=22</td></tr><tr><td>Double Adhesive Tape</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>For fixing markers to skin</td></tr><tr><td>Force Platform</td><td>Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Measure ground reaction force</td></tr><tr><td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>n= 8</td></tr><tr><td>T-Frame</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Valid Dongle</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td></tr><tr><td>Vicon Datastation ADC</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

comparison of kinetic characteristics of footwork during stroke in table tennis: cross-step and chasse step

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

As shown in Figure 2 and Table 2, the posterior ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork (0.89 ± 0.21) was significantly larger (P = 0.014) compared with the chasse step footwork (0.82 ± 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 ± 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than the chasse step footwork (-0.46 ± 0.29). Additionlly, the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 ± 0.19) was significantly lower (P...

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

comparison-kinetic-characteristics-footwork-during-stroke-table

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Assessing Gait by Footprint Analysis: A Method to Test Motor Coordination in Mice

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians' understanding of the results.

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

This article presents an experimental/analytic framework to study human postural control. The protocol provides step-by-step procedures for performing standing experiments, measuring body kinematics and kinetics signals, and analyzing the results to provide insight into the mechanisms underlying human postural control.

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

Here we describe the RatWalker system, built by redesigning the MouseWalker apparatus to accommodate for the increased size and weight of rats. This system uses frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), high-speed video capture, and open-access analysis software to track and quantify gait parameters.

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

This paper describes the material and method developed to investigate the postural organization of gait initiation. The method is based on force platform recordings and on the direct principle of mechanics to compute center of gravity and center of pressure kinematics.

Postural Organization of Gait Initiation for Biomechanical Analysis Using Force Platform Recordings

An experimental pipeline to quantitatively describe the locomotor pattern of freely walking mice using the MouseWalker (MW) toolbox is provided, ranging from initial video recordings and tracking to post-quantification analysis. A spinal cord contusion injury model in mice is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the MW system.

Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury

The present protocol outlines an experimental setup designed to investigate the influence of step width manipulation on running biomechanics using a motion capture system. The objective is to expand relevant datasets and examine the effects of varying step widths on the kinematic chain of the human lower limb.

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

This protocol details a standardized approach to quantify plantar pressure distribution, foot balance, and foot axis angle during 45° change-of-direction tasks using a Footscan pressure plate, enabling reproducible assessment of bilateral limb loading patterns at a controlled approach speed.

Effect of Change of Direction (COD) Movement on Plantar Pressure and Foot Balance in Bilateral Limbs

Learn biomechanical analysis of cross-step and chasse step footwork in table tennis using ground reaction force measurements. This method compares lower limb dynamics to optimize training and improve stroke performance.

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

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