An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

Summary

We provide protocols for anyone with a "maker culture" mind to start building a flylab for quantitative analysis of a myriad of behavioral parameters in Drosophila melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We also describe a high resolution respirometry protocol using larvae to combine behavioral and mitochondrial metabolism data.

Abstract

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, Drosophila research lacks popularity in developing countries, possibly due to the misinformed idea that establishing a lab and performing relevant experiments with such tiny insects is difficult and requires expensive, specialized apparatuses. Here, we describe how to build an affordable flylab to quantitatively analyze a myriad of behavioral parameters in D. melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We provide protocols to build in-house vial racks, courtship arenas, apparatuses for locomotor assays, etc., to be used for general fly maintenance and to perform behavioral experiments using adult flies and larvae. We also provide protocols on how to use more sophisticated systems, such as a high resolution oxygraph, to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in larval samples, and show its association with behavioral changes in the larvae upon the xenotopic expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX increases larval activity and mitochondrial leak respiration, and accelerates development at low temperatures, which is consistent with a thermogenic role for the enzyme. We hope these protocols will inspire researchers, especially from developing countries, to use Drosophila to easily combine behavior and mitochondrial metabolism data, which may lead to information on genes and/or environmental conditions that may also regulate human physiology and disease states.

Introduction

Drosophila melanogaster was introduced to the scientific community as a potentially powerful model organism more than 100 years ago. That potential has been firmly validated in several areas of the biological and biomedical sciences, such as genetics, evolution, developmental biology, neurobiology, and molecular and cell biology. As a result, six Nobel Prizes in Medicine or Physiology have been awarded to ten Drosophila researchers who have substantially contributed to our understanding of heredity, mutagenesis, innate immunity, circadian rhythms, olfaction and development¹. Perhaps more importantly, D. melanogaster h....

Protocol

1. 3D model design

NOTE: The workflow for 3D printing has three basic steps: (1) 3D modeling; (2) importing the model into the slicing software; and (3) selecting the correct filament, configuring the printer, and finally, printing. A basic protocol for modeling a small fly vial rack/tray is shown below; this rack is to be used with standard fly vials, which have approximately 2.5 cm in diameter and 9.8 cm in height. For new model designs, the tools provided by the Tinkercad software allow the easy handling of three-dimensional structures, by creating pieces of different shapes, sizes and thickness, according to one's own needs. For Droso....

Results

By following the steps in Protocols 1 and 2, one should be able to design a simple fly vial rack, and run the model STL file through the slicing program to generate coordinates for the 3D printer. Figure 3A shows a printed unit of the model next to its design. We also hope step 1 can provide the basic skills for one to use the basic shapes available in the Tinkercad platform to create useful apparatuses for the lab. Developing these skills, however, may require constant practice and frequent.......

Discussion

The 3D-printing protocols and STL files provided here are intended to facilitate the setup of a new flylab or to increase the repertoire of apparatuses in an existing Drosophila behavioral facility, using "homemade" equipment. The 3D-printing strategy may be particularly useful in developing countries such as Brazil, where research using Drosophila as a model organism for studying human biology appears to be underrepresented, and specialized equipment is costly. Our protocols provide instruction.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D Printer RapRep			A popular 3D-printer based on the Prusa I3 DIY mode, instructions available in https://www.instructables.com/Building-a-Prusa-I3-3D-Printer-Revisited/
3xtubAOX fly line	Howy Jacobs´s lab, Tampere University		Drosophila line expressing the AOX gene from C. intestinalis under the control of the constitutive α-tubulin promoter. 5 and 6 copies of this construct are present in males and females in homo/hemizigosity, respectively, one in each of the chromosomes X, 2 and 3.
Acrylic plate			60 x 60 x 3 mm
ADP	Sigma-Aldrich	A2754	Adenosine 5′-diphosphate sodium sal (CAS number 20398-34-9); ≥95%; molecular weight = 427.20 g/mol; solubility in water at 50 mg/ml
Antimycin-A	Sigma-Aldrich	A8674	Antimycin A from Streptomyces sp. (CAS number 1397-94-0); molecular weight ~ 548.63 g/mol; solubility in 95% ethanol at 50 mg/mL
Agar	Kasv	K25-611001	For bacteriologal use; powder; solidifying agent (12-20 g/L)
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Sigma-Aldrich	A7030	Heat shock fraction, protease free, fatty acid free, essentially globulin free (CAS number 9048-46-8);pH 7; ≥98%; solubility in water 40g/ml
Deionized water
EGTA	Sigma-Aldrich	E4378	Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CAS number 67-42-5); ≥97%; molecular weight = 380.35g/mol
Ethanol 99.5%
Ethylene-vinyl acetate foam			Can be replaced with thick pieces of cotton
Graph paper			0.2 cm2 grid
Hepes	Sigma-Aldrich	H4034	4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (CAS number 7365-45-9), BioPerformance Certified; ≥99,5% (titration), cell cultured tested; molecular weight =238.30g/mol
Homogenizer	Sartorius		Hand glass homogenizer (S), 1 mL; composed of a cylinder made of borosilicate glass plus plunger S; often used for simple sample preparation, e.g. crushing of tissue samples.
KCl	Amresco	0395-2	Potassium chloride (CAS number 7447-40-7); ≥99,0%; molecular weight = 74.55g/mol
KH2PO4	Sigma-Aldrich	P5379	Potassium phophate monobasic (CAS number 7778-77-0); ReagentPlus; molecular weight = 136.09g/mol
Linear bearings (LM8UU)			8 mm, any brand
Malate	Sigma-Aldrich	M1000	L-(-)-Malic acid (CAS number 97-67-6); ≥95-100%; molecular weight = 134.09 g/mol), solubility in water: 100 mg/mL. A solution is pH adjusted to approximately 7.0.
MgCl2	Amresco	0288-1KG	Magnesium chloride, hexahydrate (CAS number 7791-18-6); 99%-102%; molecular weight = 203.3g/mol
Microcentrifuge tubes			1.5mL; Graduated every 100µL, autoclavable
Na2HPO4	Amresco	0348-1KG	Sodium phosphate, dibasic, heptahydrate (CAS number 7782-85-6); 98-102%; molecular weight = 268.07 g/mol
NaCl	Honeywell	31434-1KG	Sodium chloride (CAS number 7647-14-5); ≥99,5%; molecular weight 58,44g/mol. For laboratory use only.
Oxigraph-O2k	Oroboros	10000-02	Series D-G; O2k-Core: includes O2k-Main Unit with stainless steel housing, O2k-Assembly Kit, two OroboPOS (polarographic oxygen sensors) and OroboPOS-Service Kit, DatLab software, the ISS-Integrated Suction System and the O2k-Titration Set.
Permanent marker			Preferably black
Petri dishes			90 X 15 mm dishes; commonly used for bacteriological culture
PLA 3D Printing Filament	Quantum3D Printing	http://quantum3dprinting.com/	High quality polylatic acid filament (PLA), strongly recomended, (1.0 kg Roll), any brand
Proline	Sigma-Aldrich	P0380	L-Proline (CAS number 147-85-3); powder; 99%; molecular weight = 115.13 g/mol
Propyl gallate	Sigma-Aldrich	P3130	Propyl gallate (CAS number 121-79-9); powder; ≥98%; molecular weight = 212.2 0g/mol; solubility in ethanol at 50 mg/ml
Pyruvate	Sigma-Aldrich	P2256	Sodium pyruvate (CAS number 113-24-6), ≥99%; molecular weight = 110.04 g/mol; solubility in water at 100 mg/mL
Rectified shafts			8 x 300 mm, any brand
Rotenone	Sigma-Aldrich	R8875	Rotetone (CAS number 83-79-4); ≥95%, molecular weight 394.42 g/mol
Rubber bands			Can be replaced with pieces of a string
Screwdriver			To assemble some of the 3D-printed apparatuses
Screews			M3 x 8 mm
SD Card			At least 32Mb in size; usually provided with 3D printers
Software Repetier Host	Hot-World GmbH & Co. KG	https://www.repetier.com/	Excellent slicing software, available free of cost
Software Tinkercad	Autodesk	https://www.tinkercad.com	3D model design software, available free of cost
Stereomicroscope	Leica	M-80	Stereomicroscope, zoom 7.5-60X + Leica cls 150 led light source
Sucrose	Merck	107,651,000	Sucrose for microbiology use (CAS number 57-50-1);
Tris	Amersham Biosciences	17-1321-01	Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (CAS number 77-86-1); 99,8-100.1%; molecular weight 121.14 g/mol
Tweezer/forceps	Stark	ST08710	Histological tweezer, straight, round tip, 12 cm, AISI-410 stainless steel
w1118 fly line	Howy Jacobs´s lab, Tampere University		Drosophila line used as genetic background control for 3XtubAOX
Wood plate			240 x 60 x 20 mm
Zip tights			2 x 210 mm, any brand